Implicações políticas e econômicas da ascensão chinesa para América do Sul e as possibilidades de cooperação Sul-Sul para o desenvolvimento
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Data
2016-08-11
Autores
Pedrozo, Gustavo Erler [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Ao formular seu Novo Conceito de Segurança, a China vinculou diretamente a ideia de segurança à garantia das condições para seu desenvolvimento econômico. Diante da grande acumulação de capital via superávit em transações correntes e necessidades cada vez maiores de matérias-primas, abertura de novos mercados e influência política para estabelecimento de um mundo multipolar, a China lançou-se em um movimento de internacionalização de sua economia. Como estratégia de aproximação com o "mundo em desenvolvimento" os chineses resgataram o discurso do "Espírito de Bandung", em contraposição à tese de uma renovação da dependência ao estilo Norte-Sul. Partindo de uma relação estritamente comercial, os chineses passaram a fornecer capital na forma de investimento estrangeiro direto, financiamentos diversos e programas de ajuda internacional. O momento pareceu propício, uma vez que a ascensão de outras forças “emergentes” alimentou o retorno do debate sobre a Cooperação Sul-Sul. As relações da China com a América Latina não fugiram a esse padrão. Esta pesquisa, pois, questionou em que medida é possível afirmar que as relações entre a China e América Latina podem ser consideradas típicas de um modelo Sul-Sul, ou nos termos colocados pela diplomacia chinesa, que prezam pelo benefício mútuo em oposição a ideia do jogo de soma zero. Para responder à pergunta central da investigação, a abordagem proposta, portanto, buscou elucidar os seguintes aspectos: 1) verificar em que medida a conjuntura deste início de século favoreceu a construção de um regime de cooperação sul-sul e como este possível regime absorveu as alterações econômicas pós-crise de 2008; 2) verificar em que medida as relações chinesas com os demais países em desenvolvimento sob o lema do “benefício mútuo” significam um resgate do espírito de Bandung e podem ser consideradas típicas de uma cooperação sul-sul; 3) por fim, analisar, sob o prisma da cooperação sul-sul para o desenvolvimento, a evolução das relações da China com a região latino-americana, e, particularmente, com a região sul-americana. Sobre o último ponto, utilizou-se um levantamento documental dos principais acordos bilaterais e um levantamento de dados relativos às variáveis comércio, investimentos estrangeiros direto, investimentos patrocinados pelo governo chinês e financiamentos concedidos pelas agências governamentais chinesas. Esta pesquisa, portanto, procurou sustentar que, pelo viés da cooperação sul-sul, a situação chinesa é paradoxal, pois ao mesmo tempo em que o crescimento econômico chinês impele às economias sul-americanas a um padrão de comércio típico das relações Norte-Sul, a manutenção do ambiente internacional favorável aos objetivos chineses faz com que algumas concessões precisem ser feitas. Nesse sentido, sugeriu-se que, embora com limites estruturais, as relações da China com a região sul-americana, mas não na América Latina como um todo, poderiam se estabelecer nos termos da cooperação sul-sul para o desenvolvimento.
When the “New Security Concept” was formulated, the Chinese diplomacy sought to relate the security idea directly with the guarantees for China's economic development. Given the high capital accumulation via current account surplus, the higher needs for raw materials and energy sources, the political requirements for the establishment of a multipolar world, and the seeks for new markets for its exportations, China laid itself in an economic internationalization movement. As part of the strategy of its relations with the developing world, China used the discourse of the “Spirit of Bandung” to opposing the thesis that its ascension could contribute for new dependency relations. If firstly the approximation was based on commercial relations, in the 21th century, the Chinese began to provide capital to the developing world in several forms: foreign direct investment, different credit lines and foreign aid. The moment was propitious, once the emerging powers' rise seemed to feed the debate about south-south cooperation. This research sought to understand the relationship between China and Latin America inside this context. Therefore, we investigated to what extent the relations between China and Latina America can be seen as a south-south pattern or “mutually beneficial”, as the Chinese diplomacy often affirms in its public documents. To answer the central question, we proceeded as follows: 1) we verified in what extent the new century's conjuncture has favored the south-south cooperation regime, and how this supposed regime has assimilated the political and economic context after the 2008 crisis; 2) we verified if the Chinese relationship with other development countries can be classified inside a south-south cooperation definition; 3) we analyzed, under the south-south cooperation concept, the evolution of the relations between China and Latin America, but particularly with the South America. About the last point, this research has used a data collection for bilateral agreements, trade, foreign direct investment, government-sponsored investments and loans provided by Chinese development institutions. This investigation sustains that the Chinese rise has a paradoxical pattern: if the Chinese economic growth impels the South American economies to the north-south pattern of relationship, the maintenance of international environment favorable to the Chinese interests makes with some concessions need to be done. In this way, the results have showed that the relations between China and South America, but not the Latin America as a whole, could occur in the terms of south-south cooperation.
When the “New Security Concept” was formulated, the Chinese diplomacy sought to relate the security idea directly with the guarantees for China's economic development. Given the high capital accumulation via current account surplus, the higher needs for raw materials and energy sources, the political requirements for the establishment of a multipolar world, and the seeks for new markets for its exportations, China laid itself in an economic internationalization movement. As part of the strategy of its relations with the developing world, China used the discourse of the “Spirit of Bandung” to opposing the thesis that its ascension could contribute for new dependency relations. If firstly the approximation was based on commercial relations, in the 21th century, the Chinese began to provide capital to the developing world in several forms: foreign direct investment, different credit lines and foreign aid. The moment was propitious, once the emerging powers' rise seemed to feed the debate about south-south cooperation. This research sought to understand the relationship between China and Latin America inside this context. Therefore, we investigated to what extent the relations between China and Latina America can be seen as a south-south pattern or “mutually beneficial”, as the Chinese diplomacy often affirms in its public documents. To answer the central question, we proceeded as follows: 1) we verified in what extent the new century's conjuncture has favored the south-south cooperation regime, and how this supposed regime has assimilated the political and economic context after the 2008 crisis; 2) we verified if the Chinese relationship with other development countries can be classified inside a south-south cooperation definition; 3) we analyzed, under the south-south cooperation concept, the evolution of the relations between China and Latin America, but particularly with the South America. About the last point, this research has used a data collection for bilateral agreements, trade, foreign direct investment, government-sponsored investments and loans provided by Chinese development institutions. This investigation sustains that the Chinese rise has a paradoxical pattern: if the Chinese economic growth impels the South American economies to the north-south pattern of relationship, the maintenance of international environment favorable to the Chinese interests makes with some concessions need to be done. In this way, the results have showed that the relations between China and South America, but not the Latin America as a whole, could occur in the terms of south-south cooperation.
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Palavras-chave
República Popular da China, América do Sul, Cooperação Sul-Sul, Desenvolvimento econômico, People's Republic of China, South America, South-South Cooperation, Economic development