Setor sucroalcooleiro: relações contratuais e determinantes do território
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Data
2016-10-19
Autores
Fagundes, Francielly Naves [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O setor sucroalcooleiro brasileiro passa por várias transformações econômicas, tecnológicas, produtivas e organizacionais, ao logo de sua história. Nestas há, inclusive, a mudança da forma como o Estado regula o setor que, a partir da década de 1990, altera a dinâmica concorrencial, institucional e de coordenação deste setor. Este passa por um processo de expansão (área em produção e da quantidade produzida) devido a estas mudanças e a outros fatores, como a tecnologia flex fuel e a busca por combustíveis de fontes renováveis. Esta expansão está associada, também, a disponibilidade de terras para a cultura agrícola da cana-de-açúcar, a necessidade da agroindústria em estabelecer contratos de obtenção de cana-de-açúcar e a decisão dos proprietários/produtores rurais em firmar estes contratos. Dentro deste contexto, busca-se, neste trabalho, identificar e analisar no Território, as relações contratuais, entre uma agroindústria sucroalcooleira e os proprietários/produtores rurais, a partir das teorias da Renda da Terra e da Economia dos Custos de Transação, tendo como expressão as relações de poder e as determinações territoriais. Para tal, realiza-se: pesquisa bibliográfica (referencial setorial e referencial teórico), pesquisa documental, coleta de dados secundários (sobre a cultura agrícola da cana-de-açúcar e demais formas de uso das terras agropecuário) e coleta de dados primários via entrevistas (pesquisador das ciências jurídicas; proprietários/produtores rurais; representante da agroindústria sucroalcooleira objeto e pesquisadores das ciências agrárias). É possível identificar nas características da relação contratual (transação) de obtenção de cana-de-açúcar, entre proprietários/produtores rurais e agroindústrias sucroalcooleiras, que há distinções, para as partes, quanto: aos aspectos econômico, jurídico e técnico; ao poder de barganha; e ao acesso de informações. Além disso, evidencia-se o comportamento oportunista, principalmente, por parte da agroindústria e a racionalidade limitada sobressaindo para o proprietário/produtor rural, devido à assimetria de informações entre as partes e à incerteza da transação. Para a transação se efetivar e permanecer, também devem ser considerados componentes como: solo; relevo e topografia; clima e temperatura; legislação ambiental; localização, tamanho e contiguidade da propriedade rural; condições de tráfego de rodovias e estradas de acesso; pedágio na rodovia; balança de pesagem na rodovia, posto militar rodoviário; rede de transmissão de energia elétrica; legislação municipal, cultura agrícola pré-estabelecida; documentos e inventários da propriedade rural e conhecimento técnico agrícola. A existência ou não destes componentes impactam na transação, no tipo de contrato a ser adotado e, desta forma, na renda da terra que pode ser apropriada de forma distinta entre os proprietários/produtores rurais e agroindústria sucroalcooleira, visto o poder de negociação. Assim, os componentes que a agroindústria sucroalcooleira se apropria ou define como favorável são determinações territoriais. Por outro lado, os componentes que a agroindústria sucroalcooleira não se apropria, visto que são desfavoráveis a esta, são classificadas como determinações espaciais Por fim, as particularidades do contrato e do território impactam as relações (de poder, econômica, produtivas, sociais) entre os agentes e, portanto, o território sucroalcooleiro.
The Brazilian sugar and ethanol sector undergoes various economic, technological, productive and organizational transformations, throughout its history. In addition, there is a change in the way the state regulates the sector, which, starting in the 1990s, changes the competitive, institutional and coordination dynamics of the sector. It goes through a process of expansion (production area and quality) due to these changes and other factors, such as flexible fuel technology and a search for renewable fuels. This expansion is also associated with land availability for the sugar cane crop, with the agribusiness necessity for establishing sugar cane concession contracts, and a decision by the owners / producers to sign these contracts. Within this context, the objective of this paper is to identify and analyze in the region, the contractual relations between a sugar-alcohol agroindustry and the land owners / producers, based on the theories of Land Income and Transaction Costs Economics, Emphasizing relations of power and territorial determinations. For this purpose, a research (sector referential and theoretical reference), documentary research, collection of secondary data (on the sugar cane crop and other forms of agricultural land use) and primary data collection via Interviews (researcher of legal sciences, landowners / farmers, representative of the sugar-alcohol agro-industry object and researchers of the agricultural sciences) has been performed. It is possible to identify in the characteristics of the contractual relation of obtaining sugarcane, between owners / producers and agribusinesses, that there are distinctions, for both, regarding: economic, legal and technical aspects; bargaining power; and the information access. Furthermore, the opportunistic behavior is evidenced mainly by the agroindustry and the limited rationality standing out for the rural owner / producer due to the asymmetry of information between the parties and the uncertainty of the transaction. For the transaction to be effective and to remain, it should also be considered components such as: soil; relief and topography; climate and temperature; environmental legislation; location, size and contiguity of the rural property; traffic conditions of highways and access roads; highway toll; weighing scale on the highway, military road station; electric power transmission network; municipal legislation, pre-established agricultural culture; documents and inventories of rural property and agricultural technical knowledge. The existence or not of these components impact on the transaction of the type of contract to be adopted and, in this way, on the income of the land that can be appropriated in a different way between the owners / producers and the sugar and alcohol agroindustry, given the bargaining power. Thus, the components that the sugar-alcohol agroindustry appropriates or defines as favorable are territorial determinations. On the other hand, the components that the sugar-alcohol agroindustry does not appropriate, since they are unfavorable to it, are classified as spatial determinations. Finally, the particularities of the contract and the territory impact the relations (of power, economic, productive, and social) between agents and, therefore, the sugar-alcohol territory.
The Brazilian sugar and ethanol sector undergoes various economic, technological, productive and organizational transformations, throughout its history. In addition, there is a change in the way the state regulates the sector, which, starting in the 1990s, changes the competitive, institutional and coordination dynamics of the sector. It goes through a process of expansion (production area and quality) due to these changes and other factors, such as flexible fuel technology and a search for renewable fuels. This expansion is also associated with land availability for the sugar cane crop, with the agribusiness necessity for establishing sugar cane concession contracts, and a decision by the owners / producers to sign these contracts. Within this context, the objective of this paper is to identify and analyze in the region, the contractual relations between a sugar-alcohol agroindustry and the land owners / producers, based on the theories of Land Income and Transaction Costs Economics, Emphasizing relations of power and territorial determinations. For this purpose, a research (sector referential and theoretical reference), documentary research, collection of secondary data (on the sugar cane crop and other forms of agricultural land use) and primary data collection via Interviews (researcher of legal sciences, landowners / farmers, representative of the sugar-alcohol agro-industry object and researchers of the agricultural sciences) has been performed. It is possible to identify in the characteristics of the contractual relation of obtaining sugarcane, between owners / producers and agribusinesses, that there are distinctions, for both, regarding: economic, legal and technical aspects; bargaining power; and the information access. Furthermore, the opportunistic behavior is evidenced mainly by the agroindustry and the limited rationality standing out for the rural owner / producer due to the asymmetry of information between the parties and the uncertainty of the transaction. For the transaction to be effective and to remain, it should also be considered components such as: soil; relief and topography; climate and temperature; environmental legislation; location, size and contiguity of the rural property; traffic conditions of highways and access roads; highway toll; weighing scale on the highway, military road station; electric power transmission network; municipal legislation, pre-established agricultural culture; documents and inventories of rural property and agricultural technical knowledge. The existence or not of these components impact on the transaction of the type of contract to be adopted and, in this way, on the income of the land that can be appropriated in a different way between the owners / producers and the sugar and alcohol agroindustry, given the bargaining power. Thus, the components that the sugar-alcohol agroindustry appropriates or defines as favorable are territorial determinations. On the other hand, the components that the sugar-alcohol agroindustry does not appropriate, since they are unfavorable to it, are classified as spatial determinations. Finally, the particularities of the contract and the territory impact the relations (of power, economic, productive, and social) between agents and, therefore, the sugar-alcohol territory.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Setor sucroalcooleiro, Relações contratuais e de poder, Território, Sugar-alcohol industry, Contractual and power relations, Territory