Reprogramação de fibroblastos de pele e células do cordão umbilical por meio de plasmídeos virais e transposons na produção de iPS equinas
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2016-12-01
Autores
Guastali, Midyan Daroz [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As pesquisas envolvendo a biologia das células-tronco abordam um amplo espectro de fenômenos, que vão desde o nível tecidual e celular, até o seu uso em terapias celulares. Esta crescente atenção sugere que é necessário estudar conceitos básicos da biologia das células-tronco para compreender completamente os processos de diferenciação funcional. Desta forma, o instrumento da reprogramação celular por meio da manipulação gênica fornece subsídios para melhor compreender os processos de renovação e diferenciação que constituem as características fundamentais das células-tronco. A obtenção dessas células em medicina veterinária visa validar diversos modelos experimentais domésticos, como o equino, na busca de novos fármacos e terapias alternativas para reabilitação. Uma série de estudos, porém, ainda são necessários para que tais aplicações sejam viáveis, uma vez que os mecanismos fundamentais das técnicas empregadas ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Embora a reprogramação celular por meio de vetores virais tenha sido relatada com sucesso em diversas espécies animais, outras técnicas também podem ser empregadas, como o uso de transposons, sequências de DNAs capazes de se movimentar de uma região para outra no genoma de uma célula. Não se tem conhecimento de qual o melhor tipo celular a ser utilizado, e nem tão pouco qual a metodologia de reprogramação mais eficiente. Sabe-se que o cordão umbilical possui uma reserva rica em células-tronco mesenquimais, as quais por serem multipotentes podem melhorar a eficiência de obtenção de células de pluripotência induzida (iPS) em comparação ao uso de fibroblastos, pouco eficientes ao serem reprogramados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter iPS por meio de mecanismo viral e não-viral de fibroblastos adultos e células do cordão umbilical equino, visando observar qual o tipo de infecção e qual o tipo de célula é mais eficiente para reprogramação celular. Ambos os tipos celulares foram infectados com vetores virais e transposons contendo os genes OCT-4, SOX-2, c-MYC, KLF-4; as células transformadas foram avaliadas quanto a morfologia, imunocitoquímica e citometria de fluxo com os marcadores típicos de células-tronco pluripotentes e também quanto as alterações causadas no perfil de expressão gênica das células pelo método de PCR em tempo real; por fim as células reprogramadas foram induzidas a se diferenciarem em tecidos dos 3 folhetos germinativos. Os resultados demostraram que tanto os fibroblastos quanto as células do cordão umbilical submetidos à infecção viral apresentaram características de células pluripotentes como morfologia característica, marcação positiva para fatores de pluripotência e expressão gênica específica. Os corpos embrióides formados também apresentaram marcação imunocitoquimica para ectoderme, mesoderme e endoderme. Apesar do tempo para inicio da formação das colônias serem parecidos (7 dias para os fibroblastos e 6 dias para as células do cordão umbilical), a expansão das colônias dos fibroblastos reprogramados foi lenta, com a 1ª passagem realizada 30 dias após a infecção em comparação com as colônias de cordão umbilical, nas quais a 1ª passagem foi realizada após 15 dias. Não foi verificada reprogramação efetiva as infecções com transposons em nenhum dos dois tipos celulares. Conclui-se que o método de infecção por vetor viral em células do cordão umbilical é mais eficiente do que em fibroblastos e que em ambos os tipos celulares, o mecanismo de transposons não resultou em células reprogramadas.
Researches on the biology of stem cells cover a broad spectrum of phenomena, ranging from tissue and cellular level, to their use in cell therapy. This growing attention suggests that is necessary to study basic concepts of stem cells organization in order to fully understand the functional differentiation processes. Thus, the cell reprogramming through gene manipulation provides grants to better understand the processes of renewal and differentiation which are the essential characteristics of stem cells. Obtaining these cells in veterinary medicine aims to validate various household experimental models, such as horses, on the search for new drugs and alternative therapies for rehabilitation. However, a number of studies is still necessary for such applications to be feasible, since the fundamental mechanisms of techniques employed are not fully elucidated yet. Although cell reprogramming using viral plasmid has been reported with success in several animal species, other techniques may also be employed, such use transposons, this is, DNAs sequences capable of moving from one region to another in the cell genome. The unawereness of what the best cell type to be used, and nor what is the most efficient reprogramming methodology. It is known that the cord has rich reserves mesenchymal stem cells, which are multipotent and can improve the efficiency of obtaining the induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) compared to the use of fibroblast, inefficient to be reprogrammed. The aim of this study was to obtain iPS through viral transfection and non-viral adult fibroblasts and equine cord cells, aiming to observe which transfection and cell type is more efficient for cell reprogramming. Both cell types was infected with viral vectors and transposons containing the genes OCT-4, SOX-2, c-MYC, and KLF-4; transformed cells were evaluated for morphology, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry with the typical pluripotent stem cells markers and also for the changes caused in the gene expression profile of the cells by the PCR real time method; finally reprogrammed cells were induced to reprogram to differentiate into three germ layers tissues. The results showed that fibroblasts and cord cells subjected to viral infection presented pluripotent cell characteristics such as morphology, positive staining for antibodies and specific gene expression, immunocytochemistry of the formed embryoid bodies also showed labeling for ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Despite the time to start colonies formation is very similar (7 days for fibroblasts and 6 days for cord cells), the expansion of reprogrammed fibroblasts colonies was slow, with the 1st performed 30 days post-infection in comparison with umbilical cord colonies, in which the 1st pass on cord colonies after 15 days. No effective reprogramming of transposon infections was observed in either cell type. It is concluded that the method of viral vector infection in umbilical cord cells is more efficient than in fibroblasts and that in both cell types, the mechanism of transposons did not result in reprogrammed cells.
Researches on the biology of stem cells cover a broad spectrum of phenomena, ranging from tissue and cellular level, to their use in cell therapy. This growing attention suggests that is necessary to study basic concepts of stem cells organization in order to fully understand the functional differentiation processes. Thus, the cell reprogramming through gene manipulation provides grants to better understand the processes of renewal and differentiation which are the essential characteristics of stem cells. Obtaining these cells in veterinary medicine aims to validate various household experimental models, such as horses, on the search for new drugs and alternative therapies for rehabilitation. However, a number of studies is still necessary for such applications to be feasible, since the fundamental mechanisms of techniques employed are not fully elucidated yet. Although cell reprogramming using viral plasmid has been reported with success in several animal species, other techniques may also be employed, such use transposons, this is, DNAs sequences capable of moving from one region to another in the cell genome. The unawereness of what the best cell type to be used, and nor what is the most efficient reprogramming methodology. It is known that the cord has rich reserves mesenchymal stem cells, which are multipotent and can improve the efficiency of obtaining the induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) compared to the use of fibroblast, inefficient to be reprogrammed. The aim of this study was to obtain iPS through viral transfection and non-viral adult fibroblasts and equine cord cells, aiming to observe which transfection and cell type is more efficient for cell reprogramming. Both cell types was infected with viral vectors and transposons containing the genes OCT-4, SOX-2, c-MYC, and KLF-4; transformed cells were evaluated for morphology, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry with the typical pluripotent stem cells markers and also for the changes caused in the gene expression profile of the cells by the PCR real time method; finally reprogrammed cells were induced to reprogram to differentiate into three germ layers tissues. The results showed that fibroblasts and cord cells subjected to viral infection presented pluripotent cell characteristics such as morphology, positive staining for antibodies and specific gene expression, immunocytochemistry of the formed embryoid bodies also showed labeling for ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Despite the time to start colonies formation is very similar (7 days for fibroblasts and 6 days for cord cells), the expansion of reprogrammed fibroblasts colonies was slow, with the 1st performed 30 days post-infection in comparison with umbilical cord colonies, in which the 1st pass on cord colonies after 15 days. No effective reprogramming of transposon infections was observed in either cell type. It is concluded that the method of viral vector infection in umbilical cord cells is more efficient than in fibroblasts and that in both cell types, the mechanism of transposons did not result in reprogrammed cells.
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Palavras-chave
Caracterização celular, Células-tronco de pluripotência induzida, Cordão umbilical equino, Fibroblastos equinos, Reprogramação celular