Desidratação oxidativa do glicerol a ácido acrílico em uma única etapa empregando-se catalisadores bifuncionais
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Data
2016-12-12
Autores
Possato, Luiz Gustavo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O aumento da produção do biodiesel tem levado à formação de grandes quantidades de glicerol, o qual pode ser convertido em compostos de interesse petroquímico, como o ácido acrílico. A primeira parte consiste no estudo do comportamento de catalisadores bifuncionais V2O5/MFI com propriedades ácidas e oxidantes aplicados na desidratação oxidativa do glicerol em fase gasosa. Um dos principais produtos da reação foi o ácido acrílico (17%), produzido pela desidratação do glicerol à acroleína sítio ácido e sua subsequente oxidação em um sítio redox. A comparação da impregnação por via úmida com sulfato de vanadila (VOSO4) e metavanadato de amónio (NH4VO3) mostrou que a impregnação com VOSO4 forneceu o melhor desempenho para a conversão do glicerol e seletividade para o ácido acrílico. Medidas de XPS dos catalisadores frescos e usados auxiliaram a elucidação da dinâmica dos ciclos redox de óxido de vanádio durante a oxidação de acroleína. A presença de vanádio na zeólita aumentou a estabilidade do catalisador devido à capacidade multifuncional das espécies de óxido de vanádio para converter a acroleína e ácido acrílico e como catalisador para a oxidação dos produtos coqueificados da reação. Análises qualitativas e quantitativas do coque depositado nos catalisadores usados foram realizadas utilizando RMN de 13C e termogravimetria. A segunda parte está relacionada com a zeólita ZSM-5 (estrutura MFI, Si/Al = 40) tratada utilizando NaOH e ou ácido oxálico, ou HCI visando a obtenção de materiais com características hierárquicas diferentes, seguida pela impregnação com VOSO4 (precursor de V2O5) para gerar sítios redox. O impacto dos vários tratamentos na eficiência e a estabilidade dos catalisadores para a conversão de glicerol em acroleína e ácido acrílico (25%) foi investigada e correlacionada com porosidade catalisador, acidez e composição química. Os estudos demonstraram que o desempenho catalítico dos materiais dependeu das propriedades ácidas e texturais das zeólitas, que influenciaram tanto a dispersão de V2O5 quanto a sua interação com os sítios ácidos do suporte zeolítico A terceira parte apresenta um estudo in situ das fases cristalinas formadas durante o tratamento térmico de precursores de óxidos de vanádio e molibdénio, medidos por difração de raios X. O interesse na especiação de óxidos mistos MoxVyOz reside no excelente desempenho catalítico desses materiais para a conversão seletiva do glicerol ao ácido acrílico. A estrutura cristalográfica das fases ativas de MoxVyOz influencia diretamente sobre a valência do vanádio e, consequentemente, altera as dinâmicas dos estados de oxidação do vanádio durante a reação catalítica. O tratamento térmico de uma mistura de precursores de Mo e V sob atmosferas oxidante ou inerte revelou a maior formação de MoV2O8 (61%) ou de Mo4V6O25 (29%), respectivamente, a uma temperatura final de 500 °C. A fase mais ativa para a formação do ácido acrílico foi MoV2O8 (3,5 vezes mais ativa do que os óxidos dos metais separados), devido à instabilidade da fase em relação ao oxigênio de rede na temperatura da reação. O ciclo de redução e oxidação do vanádio em MoV2O8 durante a reação auxiliou a dinâmica da criação de vacâncias de oxigênio, resultando em 97% de conversão de glicerol e 32% de seletividade ao ácido acrílico. A quarta e última parte é relacionada à dispersão dos óxidos mistos de vanádio e molibdênio na matriz zeolítica.
The increased production of biodiesel has led to the formation of large amounts of glycerol, which can be converted into compounds of petrochemical interest, such as acrylic acid. The first part consists in the study of catalytic behavior of bifunctional V2O5/MFI catalysts with acid and oxidizing properties investigated for the gas-phase oxidehydration of glycerol. One of the main reaction products was acrylic acid, produced by dehydration of glycerol to acrolein at an acidic site and subsequent oxidation at a redox site. Comparison of wet impregnation with vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) showed that VOSO4 impregnation provided the best performance for the conversion of glycerol and selectivity towards acrylic acid (17%). XPS measurements of the fresh and spent catalysts enabled elucidation of the dynamic redox cycles of vanadium oxide during oxidation of acrolein. The presence of vanadium in the zeolite improved the catalyst lifetime, because of the multifunctional ability of the vanadium oxide species to convert acrolein to acrylic acid and act as catalyst for the oxidation of coked glycerol products. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the coke deposited in the spent catalysts were performed using 13C NMR and thermogravimetry, respectively. The second chapter is related to ZSM-5 zeolite (MFI structure, Si/Al = 40) treated using NaOH and either oxalic acid or HCl to obtain hierarchical materials with different characteristics, followed by impregnation with vanadium oxides (V2O5) to generate redox-active sites. The impact of the multiple treatments on the efficiency and stability of the catalysts in the conversion of glycerol to acrolein and acrylic acid (25%) was investigated and correlated with catalyst porosity, acidity, and chemical composition. The studies showed that the catalytic performance of the materials depended on the acidic and textural properties of the zeolites, which influenced both the dispersion of V2O5 and its interaction with the acid sites of the supporting zeolites. The third part presents an in situ study of the crystallographic phases formed during the thermal treatment of precursors of vanadium and molybdenum oxides, measured under synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The interest in the speciation of MoxVyOz mixed oxides lies in the excellent catalytic performance of these materials for the selective conversion of glycerol to acrylic acid employing the oxidehydration reaction. The crystallographic structure of the active phases of MoxVyOz directly influences on the nearby metal valence and, therefore, on the dynamic changes in metal oxidation states during the catalytic reaction. The thermal treatment of a mixture of the precursors of Mo and V under oxidizing or inert atmospheres revealed the major formation of 61 % of MoV2O8 or 29 % of Mo4V6O25, respectively, at a final temperature of 500 ºC. The most active phase for acrylic acid formation was MoV2O8 (3.5 times more active than the separate metal oxides), due to the instability of the phase with respect to framework oxygen at the reaction temperature. The cycle of reduction and oxidation of the vanadium in MoV2O8 during the reaction caused dynamic creation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in 97 % conversion of glycerol and 32 % selectivity towards acrylic acid. The fourth and last part is related to the mixed oxides dispersed on the zeolite support.
The increased production of biodiesel has led to the formation of large amounts of glycerol, which can be converted into compounds of petrochemical interest, such as acrylic acid. The first part consists in the study of catalytic behavior of bifunctional V2O5/MFI catalysts with acid and oxidizing properties investigated for the gas-phase oxidehydration of glycerol. One of the main reaction products was acrylic acid, produced by dehydration of glycerol to acrolein at an acidic site and subsequent oxidation at a redox site. Comparison of wet impregnation with vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) showed that VOSO4 impregnation provided the best performance for the conversion of glycerol and selectivity towards acrylic acid (17%). XPS measurements of the fresh and spent catalysts enabled elucidation of the dynamic redox cycles of vanadium oxide during oxidation of acrolein. The presence of vanadium in the zeolite improved the catalyst lifetime, because of the multifunctional ability of the vanadium oxide species to convert acrolein to acrylic acid and act as catalyst for the oxidation of coked glycerol products. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the coke deposited in the spent catalysts were performed using 13C NMR and thermogravimetry, respectively. The second chapter is related to ZSM-5 zeolite (MFI structure, Si/Al = 40) treated using NaOH and either oxalic acid or HCl to obtain hierarchical materials with different characteristics, followed by impregnation with vanadium oxides (V2O5) to generate redox-active sites. The impact of the multiple treatments on the efficiency and stability of the catalysts in the conversion of glycerol to acrolein and acrylic acid (25%) was investigated and correlated with catalyst porosity, acidity, and chemical composition. The studies showed that the catalytic performance of the materials depended on the acidic and textural properties of the zeolites, which influenced both the dispersion of V2O5 and its interaction with the acid sites of the supporting zeolites. The third part presents an in situ study of the crystallographic phases formed during the thermal treatment of precursors of vanadium and molybdenum oxides, measured under synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The interest in the speciation of MoxVyOz mixed oxides lies in the excellent catalytic performance of these materials for the selective conversion of glycerol to acrylic acid employing the oxidehydration reaction. The crystallographic structure of the active phases of MoxVyOz directly influences on the nearby metal valence and, therefore, on the dynamic changes in metal oxidation states during the catalytic reaction. The thermal treatment of a mixture of the precursors of Mo and V under oxidizing or inert atmospheres revealed the major formation of 61 % of MoV2O8 or 29 % of Mo4V6O25, respectively, at a final temperature of 500 ºC. The most active phase for acrylic acid formation was MoV2O8 (3.5 times more active than the separate metal oxides), due to the instability of the phase with respect to framework oxygen at the reaction temperature. The cycle of reduction and oxidation of the vanadium in MoV2O8 during the reaction caused dynamic creation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in 97 % conversion of glycerol and 32 % selectivity towards acrylic acid. The fourth and last part is related to the mixed oxides dispersed on the zeolite support.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Desidratação oxidativa do glicerol, Catalisadores bifuncionais, ZSM-5, Ácido acrílico, Óxidos mistos, Óxidos de vanádio e molibdênio, Glycerol oxidehydration