Aspectos termodinâmicos da interação entre fosfolipases A2 de venenos ofídicos e inibidores: estudo por calorimetria de titulação isotérmica
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2017-02-21
Autores
Dreyer, Thiago Revers [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Envenenamento por serpentes é um importante problema de saúde pública em vários países tropicais e subtropicais, pois além da mortalidade, pode resultar em sequelas permanentes como consequência de danos locais, representando assim um grande desafio à terapia utilizando antivenenos. As proteínas fosfolipases A2 (PLA2s) e fosfolipases A2 homólogas de venenos têm um papel fundamental na complexa patogênese da necrose do músculo esquelético e seus mecanismos de ação são apenas parcialmente entendidos. Por isso, a busca por inibidores e da completa descrição do mecanismo de ação das PLA2s e PLA2s homólogas representam assuntos amplamente abordados no campo acadêmico-científico. Para o melhor entendimento desses mecanismos e a busca por novas moléculas inibidoras, o entendimento dos processos de reconhecimento molecular de pequenos ligantes e macromoléculas biológicas é fundamental e requer a completa caracterização da energética de ligação desses agentes e da correlação entre os dados termodinâmicos e cinéticos com as estruturas moleculares envolvidas na ligação. Para tanto, a calorimetria de titulação isotérmica (ITC) é a metodologia mais utilizada com este fim. Nesse trabalho, nossos objetivos foram: i) determinar os parâmetros termodinâmicos de moléculas candidatas a inibidores da atividade miotóxica de PLA2s homólogas: bothropstoxina-I (BthTX-I) e moojenitoxina I (MjTX-I) e II (MjTX-II), purificadas do veneno de serpentes do gênero Bothrops e (ii) caracterizar a interação entre as componentes ácida (CA) e básica (CB) da crotoxina, obtida do veneno da serpente Crotallus durissus terrificus. As serpentes dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus são as principais responsáveis por acidentes ofídicos na América Latina e estas proteínas apresentam alta proporção do volume nestes venenos. Foi verificado por ITC que o ácido chicórico, composto vegetal atualmente extraído de várias plantas, que bloqueou a atividade miotóxica in vitro, se liga ao dímero de BthTX-I na proporção estequiométrica de 1:1 com média afinidade de ligação ( = 8.47±1.26 μM). Foi verificado ainda que o processo de ligação é entálpica e entropicamente favoráveis ( 3,97±0,14 kcal/mol, 2,83 kcal/mol). Entretanto para apresentar energia livre semelhante à já apresentadas para outros inibidores virais ainda seria necessário diminuir a energia de ligação na ordem de -10 kcal/mol. Em relação às interações dos íons Zn2+ com a BthTX-I, a titulação se apresentou predominantemente exotérmica e a isoterma de ligação foi melhor ajustada considerando-se 3 eventos de ligação (F-test, p<0.05), sendo que os íons Zn2+ tem baixa afinidade pela proteína ( = 83,3±25,4, 62,1±25,1 e 300,0±104,3 μM). Em função da baixa afinidade, o íon não se apresenta como um bom inibidor, mas tem sua importância na explicação dos mecanismos estruturais da BthTX-I. A suramina, quando titulada à MjTX-I e MjTX-II, apresentou afinidade de ligação moderada-alta ( =0,56±0,23 e 0,6±0,1 μM, respectivamente) e complexos termogramas, em ambos casos, com grandes variações entálpicas, com processos endo e exotérmico ocorrendo durante a titulação. Em ambos os casos foi sugerido que esse comportamento demonstra processos de oligomerização com formação de dímeros e tetrâmeros, nos casos da MjTX-I e MjTX-II respectivamente. Nos experimentos calorimétricos realizados com os componentes da crotoxina, CA e CB, foi sugerido pelo termograma e isotermas obtidos que a CA é capaz de dissociar o tetrâmero formado por CB para formar a crotoxina. Ambos os eventos apresentaram afinidades de dissociação do tetrâmero e complexação da CA/CB da ordem de submicrmolar enquanto o primeiro evento é entropicamente guiado enquanto o segundo é entalpicamente guiado.
Envenomation by snakebites is an important public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries that, in addition to mortality, can result in permanent sequelae as a consequence of local damage, which represents a major challenge to antivenom therapy. Venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) and PLA2s-like proteins play an important role in the complex pathogeneis of skeletal muscle necrosis and their precise mechanism of action is only partially understood. Therefore, the search for inhibitors and the complete description of the mechanism of action of the PLA2s and PLA2s-like represent a wide covered issues in the academic and scientific fields. For a better understanding of these mechanisms and the search for new inhibitory molecules, the understanding of the molecular recognition processes of small ligands and biological macromolecules is fundamental and requires the complete characterization of the binding energy of these agents and of the correlation between thermodynamic and molecular structures involved in the binding. For this purpose, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the most used methodology. In this work, our objectives were: (i) to determine the thermodynamic parameters of molecules candidates for inhibitors of myotoxic activity of PLA2s-like proteins: bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) and moojenitoxin-I (MjTX-I) and II (MjTX-II), purified from snake venoms of the bothropic genus and (ii) characterize the thermodynamics of the interaction between the acidic (CA) and basic (CB) components of the crotoxin, purified from the venom of Crotallus durissus terrificus. Snakes of the genera Bothrops and Crotalus are the main responsible for ophidian accidents in Latin America and these proteins have a high proportion of the volume of these venoms. It was verified by ITC that chicoric acid, a vegetal compound extracted from several plants that blocks myotoxic acitivity of BthTX-I in vitro, binds to BthTX-I dimer at the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 with medium binding affinity ( =8.47±1.26 μM). It was also verified that the binding process is enthalpic and entropically driven ( 3.97±0.14 kcal/mol, 2.83 kcal/mol). However, for the chicoric acid to have free energy similar to that already shown by other viral inhibitors, it would still be necessary to decrease its binding energy in the order of -10 kcal/mol. In relation to the interactions of the Zn2+ ions with BthTX-I, the titration was predominantly exothermic and the binding isotherm was better adjusted considering 3 binding events (F-test, p<0.05), with Zn2+ ions having low affinity for the protein ( = 83.3±25.4, 62.1±25.1 and 300.0±104.3 μM). Due to the low affinity, the ion does not present itself as a good inhibitor, but was important to explain the structural myotoxic mechanisms of Lys49-PLA2s. Suramine, when titrated to MjTX-I and MjTX-II, had moderate to high binding affinity ( = 0.56±0.23 and 0.6±0.1 μM, respectively) and complex thermograms in both cases, with large enthalpic variations with endo and exothermic processes occurring during the titration. In both cases, it was suggested that their behavior demonstrates oligomerization processes with formation of dimers or tetramers, in the cases of MjTX-I and MjTX-II, respectively. In the calorimetric experiments performed with the components of crotoxin, CA and CB, it was suggested by the thermogram and isotherms obtained that CA is able to dissociate the tetramer formed by CB to form the crotoxin. Both events showed dissociation affinities of the tetramer and complexation of the CA/CB in the submicromolar range, being the first event entropically driven while the second is entalpically driven.
Envenomation by snakebites is an important public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries that, in addition to mortality, can result in permanent sequelae as a consequence of local damage, which represents a major challenge to antivenom therapy. Venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) and PLA2s-like proteins play an important role in the complex pathogeneis of skeletal muscle necrosis and their precise mechanism of action is only partially understood. Therefore, the search for inhibitors and the complete description of the mechanism of action of the PLA2s and PLA2s-like represent a wide covered issues in the academic and scientific fields. For a better understanding of these mechanisms and the search for new inhibitory molecules, the understanding of the molecular recognition processes of small ligands and biological macromolecules is fundamental and requires the complete characterization of the binding energy of these agents and of the correlation between thermodynamic and molecular structures involved in the binding. For this purpose, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the most used methodology. In this work, our objectives were: (i) to determine the thermodynamic parameters of molecules candidates for inhibitors of myotoxic activity of PLA2s-like proteins: bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) and moojenitoxin-I (MjTX-I) and II (MjTX-II), purified from snake venoms of the bothropic genus and (ii) characterize the thermodynamics of the interaction between the acidic (CA) and basic (CB) components of the crotoxin, purified from the venom of Crotallus durissus terrificus. Snakes of the genera Bothrops and Crotalus are the main responsible for ophidian accidents in Latin America and these proteins have a high proportion of the volume of these venoms. It was verified by ITC that chicoric acid, a vegetal compound extracted from several plants that blocks myotoxic acitivity of BthTX-I in vitro, binds to BthTX-I dimer at the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 with medium binding affinity ( =8.47±1.26 μM). It was also verified that the binding process is enthalpic and entropically driven ( 3.97±0.14 kcal/mol, 2.83 kcal/mol). However, for the chicoric acid to have free energy similar to that already shown by other viral inhibitors, it would still be necessary to decrease its binding energy in the order of -10 kcal/mol. In relation to the interactions of the Zn2+ ions with BthTX-I, the titration was predominantly exothermic and the binding isotherm was better adjusted considering 3 binding events (F-test, p<0.05), with Zn2+ ions having low affinity for the protein ( = 83.3±25.4, 62.1±25.1 and 300.0±104.3 μM). Due to the low affinity, the ion does not present itself as a good inhibitor, but was important to explain the structural myotoxic mechanisms of Lys49-PLA2s. Suramine, when titrated to MjTX-I and MjTX-II, had moderate to high binding affinity ( = 0.56±0.23 and 0.6±0.1 μM, respectively) and complex thermograms in both cases, with large enthalpic variations with endo and exothermic processes occurring during the titration. In both cases, it was suggested that their behavior demonstrates oligomerization processes with formation of dimers or tetramers, in the cases of MjTX-I and MjTX-II, respectively. In the calorimetric experiments performed with the components of crotoxin, CA and CB, it was suggested by the thermogram and isotherms obtained that CA is able to dissociate the tetramer formed by CB to form the crotoxin. Both events showed dissociation affinities of the tetramer and complexation of the CA/CB in the submicromolar range, being the first event entropically driven while the second is entalpically driven.
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Palavras-chave
Bothrops, Crotalus, Veneno, Calorimetria, Fosfolipase A2 - Inibidores