Associação entre hiper-hidratação e marcadores nutricionais, clínicos e inflamatórios no tratamento conservador da doença renal crônica
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Data
2017-02-24
Autores
Civitate, Juliana Pires [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Introdução: Pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC), tanto em tratamento conservador como dialítico, apresentam um elevado risco de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Além dos fatores de risco tradicionais para a aterosclerose, a inflamação é uma complicação particularmente importante na DRC. A presença de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE) com alterações eletrocardiográficas e a ocorrência de hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) também são problemas muito frequentes e de elevada gravidade nessa doença. A prevalência de hiper-hidratação (HH) nos estádios iniciais da DRC ainda não é clara e existem poucos estudos nessa população que relacionam a DRC, inflamação, HVE e HAR. Objetivo geral: Avaliar a associação de fatores demográficos, clínicos, nutricionais, e inflamatórios e o volume de água corporal em pacientes nos estádios 2 a 5 da DRC. Metodologia: Estudo transversal que avaliou 39 pacientes em tratamento conservador da DRC quanto aos parâmetros demográficos, clínicos, nutricionais e inflamatórios. Os pacientes foram classificados como hiper-hidratados quando o HH ≥ 1,1L, calculado por intermédio da bioimpedância multifrequencial (BM), que foi utilizado para definir excesso de água corporal total. A amostra foi estratificada de acordo com o estado de inflamação, presença de HVE e presença de HAR. Para a estatística foi considerado significante o valor de p0,05. Resultados: A média de idade dos indivíduos foi de 70 ± 14,0 anos, sendo 64% do sexo masculino, 87% de raça branca, 44% com diabetes mellitus (DM) e a doença renal de base mais frequente foi hipertensão (46%). A prevalência de HH foi de 23%, segundo a BM. Os pacientes com inflamação apresentaram uma taxa de filtração glomerular estimada e triglicérides significantemente menores (p=0,027 e p=0,038) e maior pontuação do malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) (p=0,038). Os pacientes com HAR mostraram maior frequência de DM (p=0,025), maior frequência e valor de HH (p=0,014 e p=0,029) e um equivalente protéico de aparecimento de nitrogênio normalizado (nPNA) significantemente menor (p=0,040). Já os indivíduos com SVE apresentaram menor frequência de raça branca (p=0,001), maior MIS (p=0,031), valores dos dados da BM denotando menor massa magra e maior porcentagem de massa gorda, maior paratormônio sérico (p=0,008) e menor ingestão de fósforo (p=0,048). Conclusão: A prevalência de HH foi de 9 em 39 (23%). De maneira geral, a HH associou-se à HAR e à SVE, não associou-se à inflamação, à ingestão de sódio e à presença de edema. Esses dados, tomados em conjunto, nos levam a crer que o exame de BM pode ser útil no manejo dos pacientes em tratamento conservador da DRC, guiando a terapêutica nutricional e medicamentosa com diuréticos.
Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), in conservative or dialytic treatment, have a high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In addition to the traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, inflammation is a particularly important complication in CKD. The presence of left ventricular overload (LVO) with electrocardiographic alterations and the occurrence of resistant hypertension (RH) are also very frequent and of high severity in this disease. The prevalence of overhydration (OH) in the early stages of CKD is still unclear and there are few studies in this population that relate CKD, inflammation, LVO and RH. General objective: To evaluate the association of demographic, clinical, nutritional, and inflammatory factors with body water volume in patients in stages 2 to 5 of CKD. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 39 patients on conservative treatment of CKD for demographic, clinical, nutritional and inflammatory parameters. Patients were classified as overhydrated when OH ≥ 1.1L, calculated by the multifrequency bioimpedance apparatus (MB), which was used to define total body water excess. The sample was stratified according to the state of inflammation, presence of LVO and presence of RH. For the statistic, the value of p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the individuals was 70 ± 14.0 years, being 64% male, 87% white, 44% with diabetes mellitus (DM) and the most frequent renal disease was hypertension (46%). The prevalence of OH was 23%, according to BM. Patients with inflammation had an estimated glomerular filtration rate and significantly lower triglycerides (p=0.027 and p=0.038), higher malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) (p=0.038). RH patients showed a higher frequency of DM (p=0.025), higher frequency and OH (p=0.014 and p=0.029) and a significantly lower normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPNA) (p=0.040). Results: Individuals with LVO had a lower white frequency (p=0.001), higher MIS (p=0.031), MB data values denoting lower muscle mass and higher percentage of fat mass, higher serum parathyroid (p=0.008) and lower phosphorus intake (p=0.048). Conclusion: The prevalence of OH was 9 in 39 (23%). In general, OH was associated with RH and LVO, apparently with no association between inflammation, sodium intake and the presence of edema. This leads us to believe that MB examination can be extremely useful in the management of patients on conservative treatment of CKD, guiding by nutritional and drug therapy with diuretics.
Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), in conservative or dialytic treatment, have a high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In addition to the traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, inflammation is a particularly important complication in CKD. The presence of left ventricular overload (LVO) with electrocardiographic alterations and the occurrence of resistant hypertension (RH) are also very frequent and of high severity in this disease. The prevalence of overhydration (OH) in the early stages of CKD is still unclear and there are few studies in this population that relate CKD, inflammation, LVO and RH. General objective: To evaluate the association of demographic, clinical, nutritional, and inflammatory factors with body water volume in patients in stages 2 to 5 of CKD. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 39 patients on conservative treatment of CKD for demographic, clinical, nutritional and inflammatory parameters. Patients were classified as overhydrated when OH ≥ 1.1L, calculated by the multifrequency bioimpedance apparatus (MB), which was used to define total body water excess. The sample was stratified according to the state of inflammation, presence of LVO and presence of RH. For the statistic, the value of p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the individuals was 70 ± 14.0 years, being 64% male, 87% white, 44% with diabetes mellitus (DM) and the most frequent renal disease was hypertension (46%). The prevalence of OH was 23%, according to BM. Patients with inflammation had an estimated glomerular filtration rate and significantly lower triglycerides (p=0.027 and p=0.038), higher malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) (p=0.038). RH patients showed a higher frequency of DM (p=0.025), higher frequency and OH (p=0.014 and p=0.029) and a significantly lower normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPNA) (p=0.040). Results: Individuals with LVO had a lower white frequency (p=0.001), higher MIS (p=0.031), MB data values denoting lower muscle mass and higher percentage of fat mass, higher serum parathyroid (p=0.008) and lower phosphorus intake (p=0.048). Conclusion: The prevalence of OH was 9 in 39 (23%). In general, OH was associated with RH and LVO, apparently with no association between inflammation, sodium intake and the presence of edema. This leads us to believe that MB examination can be extremely useful in the management of patients on conservative treatment of CKD, guiding by nutritional and drug therapy with diuretics.
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Palavras-chave
Doença renal crônica, Hiper-hidratação, Inflamação, Hipertensão arterial resistente, Sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, Chronic kidney disease, Overhydration, Inflammation, Resistant hypertension, Left ventricular overload