A(s) censura(s) nas práticas letradas da Academia Brasílica dos Esquecidos
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Data
2017-02-10
Autores
Beline, Heloísa Viccari Jugeick [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo dos parâmetros ideológicos e formais – tratados como censura(s) – e que orientaram as práticas letradas da Academia Brasílica dos Esquecidos, primeira agremiação histórico-literária do Brasil, fundada na Bahia em 1724 pelo Vice-Rei Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses. Para tanto, fez-se, no primeiro capítulo, um estudo do contexto sócio-histórico da academia, que remonta à Contrarreforma e suas peculiaridades, no que tange à “política católica” praticada pela Coroa Portuguesa. Constatou-se que o letrado deveria ter uma postura adequada para pertencer à ABE. Essa postura deveria ser pautada pelo conjunto de virtudes para se atingir o bem supremo, apontadas por Aristóteles em sua Arte Retórica, a fim de que, norteado pela prudência, requisito imprescindível para o bom sucesso do homem arguto, pudesse integrar essa subcorte (que assim foi considerada na pesquisa por representar a ascensão ao poder pelo saber). No segundo capítulo, realizou-se um levantamento dos poemas coletados no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da USP, em forma de edição mecânica, a fim de se estabelecerem os critérios adotados pelo Secretário da Academia, José da Cunha Cardoso, para a aprovação da divulgação das ideias da Academia, seguindo, para atingir este objetivo, as reflexões de Moreira (2011): tornar de conhecimento público o texto produzido pelo letrado no espaço restrito (particular) da ABE. Diante disso, pôde-se perceber que todos os critérios de censura – dos 15 levantados – vinculavam-se aos aspectos formais do poema. Ademais, elaborou-se um quadro com poemas que, de alguma forma, faziam referência à prática da censura e que continham os parâmetros avaliados pelo Secretário. Já no que se refere à prosa, realizou-se um levantamento das matérias (inventio) e dos gêneros (dispositio) abordados nas orações. A partir da investigação dos elementos que os escritos em verso e prosa ofereciam em suas matérias e gêneros, constatou-se que os parâmetros diziam respeito às regras da agudeza e da retórica aristotélica e que eram orientados pelo decoro. O terceiro capítulo do trabalho foi dedicado ao estabelecimento dos parâmetros de censura para a elaboração dos textos com a utilização de um arcabouço teórico que desse conta das especificidades formais e históricas relativas ao funcionamento da instituição oficial denominada ABE: Hansen (2000 e 2004), Grigera (2008), Carvalho (2007), Chartier (1990) e Moreira. Ora, se existiram impedimentos para a produção de textos e para o comportamento do letrado, optou-se por utilizar o termo censura para indicar os mecanismos que regulavam a representação do (melhor) homem daquele momento: o decoro e a prudência. Essa censura foi bipartida em ideológica e formal, embora esses aspectos se integrem e revelem que o letrado deveria ser o resultado do conjunto de virtudes morais e intelectuais solicitado pelo ambiente acadêmico / cortesão. Diante do que foi estudado, concluiu-se que esses parâmetros, além de indicar o perfil do homem das letras daquela época estavam a serviço da Coroa Portuguesa, e, por conseguinte, da Igreja, como uma maneira de reforçar a hierarquia e de manter a unidade do poder.
This dissertation has the objective of carrying out a study of the ideological and formal parameters - considered as censorship - that guided the practices of the learned men of the Brazilian Academy of the Forgotten, the first literary and historical association of Brazil, founded in Bahia in 1724 by Vice-Rei Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses. For that, the first chapter consisted of a study of the socio-historical context of the Academy, dating back to the Counter-Reformation and its peculiarities, considering the "Catholic politics" practiced by the Portuguese Crown. In the first chapter, it was concluded that the men of letters should have an adequate posturein order to participate in the Academy. That posture should follow the set of virtues to achieve the supreme good, as Aristotle prescribed in his Rhetoric, so that, guided by prudence – necessary prerequisite for the success of the sharp-witted man – he could integrate this “subcourt” (as such referred to in this research, representing the rise to power through knowledge). In the second chapter, it is presented a survey of the poems archivedin the Institute of Brazilian Studies of São Paulo University, in the form of a mechanical edition, in order to establish the criteria adopted by the Secretary of the Academy (José da Cunha Cardoso) to approve the ideas to be disseminated by the Academy, to reach this objective, the research follows the reflections of Moreira (2011): to make public the texts produced by the literati in that restricted (private) space of the Brazilian Academy of the Forgotten. In the face of this, it was possible to perceive that all the censorship criteria raised were related to the formal aspects of the poem. In addition, a table was elaborated with poems that in any way made reference to the censorship and that contained the parameters evaluated by the Secretary. As far as prose is concerned, a survey of the content (inventio) and the genres (dispositio) addressed in the orations was carried out. From that investigation of the elements that the writings in verse and prose offered in their subjects and genres, it was verified that the parameters were related to the rules of wit and the Aristotelian rhetoric and that they were guided by a decorum. The third chapter of this work was devoted to the establishment of censorship parameters used during the preparation of texts, by following a theoretical framework that would take into account the formal and historical specificities related to the functioning of the official Brazilian Academy of the Forgotten institution: Hansen (2000 and 2004), Grigera ( 2008), Carvalho (2007), Chartier (1990) and Moreira. Thus, to define any restriction sapplied to the production of texts and to the behavior of the men of letters, we chose to use the term censorship, which indicate the mechanisms that regulated the representation of the (best) man as they understood during that historical period: decorum and prudence. That censorship had two aspects, ideological and formal, although these aspects are integrated and reveal that the man of letters should be the result of a set of moral and intellectual virtues required by the academic / courtier environment. Considering what was studied, we reached the conclusion that these parameters, besides indicating the profile of the men of the letters of that time, were at the service of the Portuguese Crown, therefore of the Church, as a way of reinforcing the hierarchy and of maintaining the unity of power.
This dissertation has the objective of carrying out a study of the ideological and formal parameters - considered as censorship - that guided the practices of the learned men of the Brazilian Academy of the Forgotten, the first literary and historical association of Brazil, founded in Bahia in 1724 by Vice-Rei Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses. For that, the first chapter consisted of a study of the socio-historical context of the Academy, dating back to the Counter-Reformation and its peculiarities, considering the "Catholic politics" practiced by the Portuguese Crown. In the first chapter, it was concluded that the men of letters should have an adequate posturein order to participate in the Academy. That posture should follow the set of virtues to achieve the supreme good, as Aristotle prescribed in his Rhetoric, so that, guided by prudence – necessary prerequisite for the success of the sharp-witted man – he could integrate this “subcourt” (as such referred to in this research, representing the rise to power through knowledge). In the second chapter, it is presented a survey of the poems archivedin the Institute of Brazilian Studies of São Paulo University, in the form of a mechanical edition, in order to establish the criteria adopted by the Secretary of the Academy (José da Cunha Cardoso) to approve the ideas to be disseminated by the Academy, to reach this objective, the research follows the reflections of Moreira (2011): to make public the texts produced by the literati in that restricted (private) space of the Brazilian Academy of the Forgotten. In the face of this, it was possible to perceive that all the censorship criteria raised were related to the formal aspects of the poem. In addition, a table was elaborated with poems that in any way made reference to the censorship and that contained the parameters evaluated by the Secretary. As far as prose is concerned, a survey of the content (inventio) and the genres (dispositio) addressed in the orations was carried out. From that investigation of the elements that the writings in verse and prose offered in their subjects and genres, it was verified that the parameters were related to the rules of wit and the Aristotelian rhetoric and that they were guided by a decorum. The third chapter of this work was devoted to the establishment of censorship parameters used during the preparation of texts, by following a theoretical framework that would take into account the formal and historical specificities related to the functioning of the official Brazilian Academy of the Forgotten institution: Hansen (2000 and 2004), Grigera ( 2008), Carvalho (2007), Chartier (1990) and Moreira. Thus, to define any restriction sapplied to the production of texts and to the behavior of the men of letters, we chose to use the term censorship, which indicate the mechanisms that regulated the representation of the (best) man as they understood during that historical period: decorum and prudence. That censorship had two aspects, ideological and formal, although these aspects are integrated and reveal that the man of letters should be the result of a set of moral and intellectual virtues required by the academic / courtier environment. Considering what was studied, we reached the conclusion that these parameters, besides indicating the profile of the men of the letters of that time, were at the service of the Portuguese Crown, therefore of the Church, as a way of reinforcing the hierarchy and of maintaining the unity of power.
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Palavras-chave
Academia Brasílica dos Esquecidos, Literatura brasileira – Sociedades, Censura, Retórica