Sistemas de preparo de solo, rotação e sucessão de culturas nos atributos químicos do solo e caracterísicas agronômicas do milho e da soja no Cerrado brasileiro
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Data
2017-03-01
Autores
Pivetta, Raul Sobrinho [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Cerrado brasileiro tem destacada importância na produção de grãos, onde ocorre o predominante cultivo de soja e milho. Entretanto, uma baixa diversidade de espécies cultivadas tem levado a questionamentos a respeito dos efeitos destes cultivos na fertilidade do solo e sua interação com o desempenho das culturas. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se a presente pesquisa com o objetivo de verificar, em dois sistemas de preparo do solo (convencional e plantio direto) a viabilidade da rotação de culturas no verão (milho e soja) e utilização de plantas de cobertura na primavera, em região característica de clima e solo de Cerrado. Por se tratar de um experimento de longa duração, iniciado em 1999, foram analisados os dados obtidos das culturas de milho e soja nos anos agrícolas 2011/12, 2012/13 e 2013/14. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o em parcela subdividida em faixa. Foram selecionadas duas áreas para alocação dos sistemas de preparo do solo (convencional e sistema plantio direto). Dentro de cada área implantou-se faixas com monocultivo de soja ou milho e faixas com soja rotacionada com milho e vice-versa. Em cada sistema de preparo e de cultivo, houve a instalação de parcelas subdivididas com as plantas de cobertura, semeadas na primavera (crotalária spectabilis, painço, crotalária juncea e milheto), além de uma área mantida em pousio, com vegetação espontânea. As avaliações constaram de características agronômicas das culturas de soja e milho e quantificação dos atributos químicos do solo, em duas profundidades (0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20m). A rotação de culturas entre milho e soja, com plantas de cobertura semeadas na primavera, promoveram maior equilíbrio dos atributos químicos do solo, em Cerrado de baixa altitude; As características agronômicas da cultura do milho responderam positivamente ao cultivo de plantas de cobertura, tanto em sistema plantio direto quanto em sistema convencional; A soja apresentou melhor desempenho das características agronômicas quando semeada após a condução de plantas de cobertura na primavera, sob sistema plantio direto; O milheto apresentou-se como melhor planta de cobertura visando o cultivo de soja, sob sistema plantio direto; A crotalária juncea destacou-se dentre as plantas de cobertura para o cultivo de milho.
The Brazilian Savannah has big importance to the production of grains, where the predominant cultivation of soybean and corn takes place. However, a small diversity of cultivated species has led to questions about the effects of crops on soil fertility and their interaction with crop performance. In this sense, a current research was developed with the objective of verifying the viability of crop rotation in the summer (corn and soybean) and the use of cover crops in spring, in two systems of soil preparation (conventional and no-tillage). In a region characteristic of climate and Savannah soil. Since it is a long-term experiment, started in 1999, the data obtained from corn and soybean crops were analyzed in the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 agricultural years. The experimental design used for the subdivided plot. Two areas were selected for allocation of soil tillage systems (conventional and no-tillage system). Within each area, strains were implanted with monoculture of soybean or corn and strips with soybeans rotated with corn and vice versa. In each system of preparation and cultivation, it was subdivided with cover plants, sown in spring (Sunn remp, showy rattlebox, pearl millet and millet) in addition to a fallow area with spontaneous vegetation. As the characteristics of the agronomic characteristics of soybean and corn crops and the quantification of chemical substances in the soil were evaluated in two depths (0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20m). A crop rotation between corn and soybean, with cover crops planted in the spring, greater environmental balance of soil chemical attributes, in Savannah of low altitude; The agronomic characteristics of the corn crop respond positively to the cultivation of cover crops, as much as the system is direct to the conventional system; The soybean presented the best performance of the agronomic characteristics sown after a cover cropping in the spring under a direct flat system; Millet was presented as the best cover crop for soybean cultivation, under a no-tillage system; Sunn remp stood out among the cover crops for corn cultivation.
The Brazilian Savannah has big importance to the production of grains, where the predominant cultivation of soybean and corn takes place. However, a small diversity of cultivated species has led to questions about the effects of crops on soil fertility and their interaction with crop performance. In this sense, a current research was developed with the objective of verifying the viability of crop rotation in the summer (corn and soybean) and the use of cover crops in spring, in two systems of soil preparation (conventional and no-tillage). In a region characteristic of climate and Savannah soil. Since it is a long-term experiment, started in 1999, the data obtained from corn and soybean crops were analyzed in the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 agricultural years. The experimental design used for the subdivided plot. Two areas were selected for allocation of soil tillage systems (conventional and no-tillage system). Within each area, strains were implanted with monoculture of soybean or corn and strips with soybeans rotated with corn and vice versa. In each system of preparation and cultivation, it was subdivided with cover plants, sown in spring (Sunn remp, showy rattlebox, pearl millet and millet) in addition to a fallow area with spontaneous vegetation. As the characteristics of the agronomic characteristics of soybean and corn crops and the quantification of chemical substances in the soil were evaluated in two depths (0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20m). A crop rotation between corn and soybean, with cover crops planted in the spring, greater environmental balance of soil chemical attributes, in Savannah of low altitude; The agronomic characteristics of the corn crop respond positively to the cultivation of cover crops, as much as the system is direct to the conventional system; The soybean presented the best performance of the agronomic characteristics sown after a cover cropping in the spring under a direct flat system; Millet was presented as the best cover crop for soybean cultivation, under a no-tillage system; Sunn remp stood out among the cover crops for corn cultivation.
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Palavras-chave
Fertilidade do solo, Glycine max, Plantas de cobertura, Zea mays