Trabalho infantil e resiliência na vida de estudantes da EJA
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Data
2017-03-24
Autores
Mantovani, Aline Madia [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Estadual Paulista e encontra-se vinculado à linha de pesquisa Desenvolvimento Humano, Diferença e Valores. Caracterizou-se como objetivo geral compreender os processos de resiliência em adultos com histórico de trabalho infantil, estudantes da EJA, e como objetivos específicos compreender os significados do trabalho infantil na vida adulta por meio da análise dos acontecimentos que funcionaram como fatores de proteção e de risco; verificar quais (e de que modo) suportes sociais disponíveis em seus contextos contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de processos de resiliência e refletir sobre o(s) motivo(s) que contribuiu(íram) para essa inserção em trabalho e afastamento da escola. Adotou-se como perspectiva teórica a abordagem socioecológica da resiliência para compreendê-la na interface dos aspectos individuais, relacionais e contextuais presentes na vida dos sujeitos. Participaram da pesquisa, no Estudo I, 131 adultos, de ambos os sexos, oriundos de duas instituições de ensino de um município de médio porte do estado de São Paulo que atendiam na modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos; foi utilizado um questionário, baseado em estudo internacional, que ajudou a traçar o perfil dos participantes, as implicações do trabalho infantil sobre a escolarização, os índices de valorização do trabalho infantil e os fatores de proteção que contribuíram para o acionamento de processos de resiliência. A partir da análise dos dados obtidos no Estudo I foram selecionados os 05 participantes que apresentaram, concomitantemente, maior valorização do trabalho infantil e os maiores índices de resiliência (Grupo 1) e os 04 participantes com baixa valorização do trabalho infantil e altos índices de resiliência (Grupo 2) para comporem o Estudo II. Nessa etapa os sujeitos participaram de uma entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado, cujo objetivo era compreender as condições objetivas de vida na infância/adolescência, os suportes sociais disponíveis, o trabalho infantil e as implicações para a vida atual. Após esse procedimento utilizou-se métodos visuais (a fotografia). Os participantes tiraram fotografias de pessoas, situações, lugares e/ou instituições que foram significativos em suas vidas e esses dados visuais foram objeto de análise, servindo de base para as entrevistas semiestruturadas. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi analisado por meio de três categorias analíticas articuladas ao contexto de trabalho na infância, aos suportes sociais disponíveis e aos sentimentos advindos pelo trabalho. Os resultados apontaram que o contexto em que viviam e os valores sociais e culturais atribuídos ao trabalho infantil ocasionaram a inserção dos participantes em situações laborais; o envolvimento em situações de trabalho infantil não impediu o acionamento de processos de resiliência; os fatores de proteção foram elencados no próprio trabalho, junto a pessoas significativas, em alguns lugares e no estudo e o mesmo trabalho que na infância/adolescência ocasionou o afastamento dos bancos escolares atualmente implicou no retorno à escola. Acredita-se, assim, que outros estudos devem ser implementados na tentativa de compreender o trabalho infantil e a resiliência na interface com a vida adulta.
The present study was developed in the Graduate Program in Education of the Faculty of Science and Technology/Sao Paolo State University and it is linked to the research line called Human Development, Difference and Values. A general objective was to understand the resilience processes in adults with a history of child labor, EJA’ students, and as specific objectives to understand the meanings of child labor in adult life by analyzing the events that functioned as protection factors and risk; to verify which (and in which way) social supports available in their contexts contributed to the development of resilience processes and to reflect on the reason that contributed to this insertion in work and withdrawal from school. We was adopted as a theoretical perspective the socio-ecological approach of resilience to understand it in the interface with adult life and child labor from the analysis of the individual, relational and contextual aspects present in the participants' lives. A total of 131 adults, in Study I, of both sexes, from two institutions of education of a medium-sized municipality in the state of São Paulo that attended in the modality of Education of Young and Adults participated in the study; a questionnaire based on an international study was used, which helped to outline the profile of the participants, the implications of child labor on schooling, child labor valorization rates and protective factors that contributed to the activation of resilience process. From the analysis of the data obtained in Study I, we selected the five participants who presented, at the same time, a higher valuation of child labor and the higher resilience (Group 1) and the four participants with low values of child labor and high resilience (Group 2) to compose Study II. At this stage, the subjects participated in an interview with a semi-structured script, whose objective was to understand the objective conditions of life in childhood/adolescence, available social supports, the child labor and the implications for the present life. After this procedure, visual methods (photography) were use. Participants took photographs of people, situations, places and/or institutions that were/are meaningful in their lives. The visual data were analyzed and served as the basis for semi-structured interviews. The content of the interviews was analyzed through three analytical categories articulated to the work context in childhood, the social supports available and the feelings coming from the work. The results show that the context in which they lived and the social and cultural values attributed to child labor led to the inclusion of participants in work situations; involvement in child labor situations did not prevent the activation of resilience processes; the protection factors were listed in the work itself, together with significant people, in some places and in the study and the same work that in childhood/adolescence caused the withdrawal of the school banks currently involved in returning to school. It is believe, therefore, that other studies should be implement in an attempt to understand child labor and resilience at the interface with adult life.
The present study was developed in the Graduate Program in Education of the Faculty of Science and Technology/Sao Paolo State University and it is linked to the research line called Human Development, Difference and Values. A general objective was to understand the resilience processes in adults with a history of child labor, EJA’ students, and as specific objectives to understand the meanings of child labor in adult life by analyzing the events that functioned as protection factors and risk; to verify which (and in which way) social supports available in their contexts contributed to the development of resilience processes and to reflect on the reason that contributed to this insertion in work and withdrawal from school. We was adopted as a theoretical perspective the socio-ecological approach of resilience to understand it in the interface with adult life and child labor from the analysis of the individual, relational and contextual aspects present in the participants' lives. A total of 131 adults, in Study I, of both sexes, from two institutions of education of a medium-sized municipality in the state of São Paulo that attended in the modality of Education of Young and Adults participated in the study; a questionnaire based on an international study was used, which helped to outline the profile of the participants, the implications of child labor on schooling, child labor valorization rates and protective factors that contributed to the activation of resilience process. From the analysis of the data obtained in Study I, we selected the five participants who presented, at the same time, a higher valuation of child labor and the higher resilience (Group 1) and the four participants with low values of child labor and high resilience (Group 2) to compose Study II. At this stage, the subjects participated in an interview with a semi-structured script, whose objective was to understand the objective conditions of life in childhood/adolescence, available social supports, the child labor and the implications for the present life. After this procedure, visual methods (photography) were use. Participants took photographs of people, situations, places and/or institutions that were/are meaningful in their lives. The visual data were analyzed and served as the basis for semi-structured interviews. The content of the interviews was analyzed through three analytical categories articulated to the work context in childhood, the social supports available and the feelings coming from the work. The results show that the context in which they lived and the social and cultural values attributed to child labor led to the inclusion of participants in work situations; involvement in child labor situations did not prevent the activation of resilience processes; the protection factors were listed in the work itself, together with significant people, in some places and in the study and the same work that in childhood/adolescence caused the withdrawal of the school banks currently involved in returning to school. It is believe, therefore, that other studies should be implement in an attempt to understand child labor and resilience at the interface with adult life.
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Palavras-chave
Trabalho infantil, Resiliência, Adultos, EJA, Child labor, Resilience, Adults