Genética aplicado no estudo da cadeia produtiva de Serrasalmídeos: identificação de espécies e híbridos comercializados
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Data
2017-02-24
Autores
Martins, Diego Galetti [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O consumo per capta de proteína animal vem crescendo de forma significativa no Brasil e no mundo. Dentre as distintas fontes para este recurso, o pescado destaca-se como a mais comercializada mundialmente, com 167.2 milhões de toneladas produzidas em 2014. No Brasil, atualmente, a maior parcela do comércio de espécies de peixes continentais é proveniente de pisciculturas, tendo como prática comum a hibridação interespecífica. Dentre as espécies nativas mais utilizadas para os cruzamentos interespecíficos em cultivos brasileiros estão: Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) e Piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga), que juntamente a seus híbridos recíprocos, corresponderam a 39,2% da produção aquícola brasileira em 2015, com 190 mil toneladas produzidas. Entretanto, devido à dificuldade de diferenciação morfológica em relação às espécies puras, híbridos podem ser erroneamente manejados, ocasionando problemas para a produção, comércio e ambiente. Dentro deste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou a identificação molecular de exemplares comercializados em uma das maiores feiras atacadistas da América Latina, a Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP). O diagnóstico genético revelou que 75,9% das amostras analisadas não condiziam com a nomenclatura comercial utilizada durante a venda, havendo exemplares de diferentes linhagens híbridas na composição dos lotes. Além de presentes, os exemplares híbridos foram notados em altas frequências, havendo uma correspondência de 51,6% das amostras com indivíduos híbridos avançados e 25,2% de híbridos F1. A princípio, a venda trocada se mostra negativa por ferir a segurança do consumidor, mas a problemática toma maiores proporções quando são levantados os problemas ambientais e produtivos que estão envolvidos nesta prática, pois colocam em risco a sustentabilidade desta modalidade de produção e a conservação de espécies nativas brasileiras. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos poderão contribuir em adequações na legislação vigente para a cadeia produtiva do pescado, de modo a atender suas particularidades sem comprometer o desenvolvimento aquícola nacional.
The per capita consumption of animal protein has been growing significantly in Brazil and in the world. Among the different sources for this resource, the fish stands out as the most commercialized in the world, with 167.2 million tons produced in 2014. In Brazil, currently the largest share of the trade in inland fish species comes from fish farms, with interspecific hybridization as a common practice. Among the native species most used for interspecific crosses in Brazilian crops are Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) e Piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga), which together with their hybrids, corresponded to 39.2% of Brazilian aquaculture production in 2015, with 190 thousand tons produced. However, due to the difficulty of morphological differentiation in relation to the pure species, hybrids can be mistakenly handled, causing problems for production, trade and environment. In this context, the present study aimed the molecular identification of 364 specimens marketed in one of the largest wholesale fairs in Latin America, the Company of Warehouses and General Warehouses of São Paulo (CEAGESP). The genetic diagnosis revealed that 75.9% of the analyzed samples did not match the commercial nomenclature used during the sale, with different hybrid lines in the composition of the lots. Further existing, the hybrid specimens were noticed at high frequencies, with a correspondence of 51.6% of the samples with advanced hybrid individuals and 25.2% of F1 hybrids. At first, the sale exchanged proves negative because it hurts consumer safety, but the problem takes on greater proportions when the environmental and productive risks that are involved in this practice are considered, because they jeopardize the sustainability of this type of production and the conservation of Brazilian native species. In this way, the results obtained may contribute to adjustments in the current legislation for the fish production chain, in order to meet their particularities without compromising national aquaculture development.
The per capita consumption of animal protein has been growing significantly in Brazil and in the world. Among the different sources for this resource, the fish stands out as the most commercialized in the world, with 167.2 million tons produced in 2014. In Brazil, currently the largest share of the trade in inland fish species comes from fish farms, with interspecific hybridization as a common practice. Among the native species most used for interspecific crosses in Brazilian crops are Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) e Piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga), which together with their hybrids, corresponded to 39.2% of Brazilian aquaculture production in 2015, with 190 thousand tons produced. However, due to the difficulty of morphological differentiation in relation to the pure species, hybrids can be mistakenly handled, causing problems for production, trade and environment. In this context, the present study aimed the molecular identification of 364 specimens marketed in one of the largest wholesale fairs in Latin America, the Company of Warehouses and General Warehouses of São Paulo (CEAGESP). The genetic diagnosis revealed that 75.9% of the analyzed samples did not match the commercial nomenclature used during the sale, with different hybrid lines in the composition of the lots. Further existing, the hybrid specimens were noticed at high frequencies, with a correspondence of 51.6% of the samples with advanced hybrid individuals and 25.2% of F1 hybrids. At first, the sale exchanged proves negative because it hurts consumer safety, but the problem takes on greater proportions when the environmental and productive risks that are involved in this practice are considered, because they jeopardize the sustainability of this type of production and the conservation of Brazilian native species. In this way, the results obtained may contribute to adjustments in the current legislation for the fish production chain, in order to meet their particularities without compromising national aquaculture development.
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Palavras-chave
Marcadores moleculares, Aquicultura, Conservação biológica