Ilhas de calor e casos de dengue na área urbana de Taubaté-SP
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Data
2017-04-20
Autores
Alexandrino, Francisca Inez Gouveia [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O acelerado processo de ocupação urbana que as cidades produzem para abrigar suas populações, vem impactando no ambiente físico e natural. Reflexo deste desequilíbrio está no surgimento da Ilha de Calor, promovida pelo excesso de áreas construídas, pouca permeabilidade no solo e de áreas vegetadas, contribuindo com o aumento de temperatura e com a alteração do balanço energético do lugar tornando os ambientes favoráveis para a proliferação de doenças vetoriais como a dengue. A maioria das pesquisas sobre Ilha de Calor estão relacionadas com conforto térmico e o equilíbrio ambiental nas áreas urbanas, sendo um desafio sobre as causas das alterações ambientais sobre as condições de saúde. Segundo a Secretária de vigilância epidemiológica da cidade de Taubaté-SP, na região do Vale do Paraíba, com população de 280.000 hab., notificou no ano de 2014 mais de 9 mil casos de dengue, sendo a terceira maior cidade com registro da doença no ano. A escassez de dados sobre o microclima que contribuam com a saúde pública e com as propostas do plano diretor da cidade, justifica esta pesquisa em reconhecer os impactos sobre o meio ambiente e associar a Ilha de Calor com os casos de dengue ocorridos na faixa etária de 0 a 9 anos. O objetivo do trabalho foi de identifica as mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo urbano entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 e detectar as alterações de temperatura de superfície da área urbana no verão de 2014 e associar com os casos de dengue ocorridos no mesmo período nos setores censitários urbanos, produzindo mapas temáticos de densidade pelo modelo kernel. Para tanto, foram adquirida imagens do sensor TM do Landsat 5 datadas de 21/08/2000 e 01/08/2010 e imagem de verão datada de 01/02/2014 do satélite Landsat 8 sensores Orli/Tirs da orbita 118/76 que foram processadas e analisadas pelo sistema de informação geográfico (Arcgis). O resultado obtido identificou que a ocupação urbana sobre áreas ambientais do município tem contribuído com o surgimento da Ilha de Calor, destacando elevadas alterações de temperaturas de superfície de solo em alguns setores censitários urbanos no ano de 2014, que correlacionados aos casos de dengue ocorridos na faixa etária de 0 a 9 anos no mesmo período foi possível identificar pelo método de densidade de Kernel uma associação entre os mesmos setores censitários urbanos.
The accelerated process of urban occupation that cities produce to shelter their populations, has impacted the physical and natural environment. Reflection of this imbalance is in the emergence of the "heat island", promoted by the excess of constructed areas, little permeability in the soil and of vegetated areas, contributing with the increase of temperature and with the alteration of the energy balance of the place making the environments favorable for the proliferation of vector-borne diseases such as dengue. Most research on 'heat islands' is related to thermal comfort and the environmental balance of urban areas, and is a challenge on the causes of environmental changes on health conditions. According to the Secretary of Epidemiological Surveillance of the city of Taubaté-SP, in the Vale do Paraíba region, with a population of 280,000 inhabitants, in the year 2014 reported more than 9 thousand cases of dengue fever, being the third largest city with registered disease in the year. The scarcity of data on the microclimate that contribute to public health and the proposals of the city master plan justifies this research in recognizing the impacts on the environment and associating "heat islands" with dengue cases occurring in the range age from 0 to 9 years. The objective of this work was to identify changes in urban land use and urban occupation between 2000 and 2010 to detect changes in the surface temperature of the urban area in the summer of 2014 and to associate with the dengue cases occurring in the same period in the urban census sectors, producing thematic maps of density by the kernel model. For that, images of the TM sensor of Landsat 5 dated August 21, 2000 and August 1, 2010 were acquired and summer image dated 01/02/2014 of the satellite Landsat 8 Orli / Tirs sensors of the orbit 118/76 were processed and analyzed by the geographic information system (Arcgis). The obtained result identified that the urban occupation on environmental areas of the municipality has contributed to the emergence of the "heat island", highlighting high changes of soil surface temperatures in some urban census tracts of the year 2014, which correlated to dengue cases Occurring in the age group 0 to 9 years in the same period, it was possible to identify by the Kernel density method an association between the same urban sencus tracts.
The accelerated process of urban occupation that cities produce to shelter their populations, has impacted the physical and natural environment. Reflection of this imbalance is in the emergence of the "heat island", promoted by the excess of constructed areas, little permeability in the soil and of vegetated areas, contributing with the increase of temperature and with the alteration of the energy balance of the place making the environments favorable for the proliferation of vector-borne diseases such as dengue. Most research on 'heat islands' is related to thermal comfort and the environmental balance of urban areas, and is a challenge on the causes of environmental changes on health conditions. According to the Secretary of Epidemiological Surveillance of the city of Taubaté-SP, in the Vale do Paraíba region, with a population of 280,000 inhabitants, in the year 2014 reported more than 9 thousand cases of dengue fever, being the third largest city with registered disease in the year. The scarcity of data on the microclimate that contribute to public health and the proposals of the city master plan justifies this research in recognizing the impacts on the environment and associating "heat islands" with dengue cases occurring in the range age from 0 to 9 years. The objective of this work was to identify changes in urban land use and urban occupation between 2000 and 2010 to detect changes in the surface temperature of the urban area in the summer of 2014 and to associate with the dengue cases occurring in the same period in the urban census sectors, producing thematic maps of density by the kernel model. For that, images of the TM sensor of Landsat 5 dated August 21, 2000 and August 1, 2010 were acquired and summer image dated 01/02/2014 of the satellite Landsat 8 Orli / Tirs sensors of the orbit 118/76 were processed and analyzed by the geographic information system (Arcgis). The obtained result identified that the urban occupation on environmental areas of the municipality has contributed to the emergence of the "heat island", highlighting high changes of soil surface temperatures in some urban census tracts of the year 2014, which correlated to dengue cases Occurring in the age group 0 to 9 years in the same period, it was possible to identify by the Kernel density method an association between the same urban sencus tracts.
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Palavras-chave
Ilhas de calor, Mudanças climáticas, Dengue, Heat island, Climate changes, Dengue fever