Implementação de uma rede experimental de geração distribuída (GD) com energia solar: estudo de caso da Universidade de Ibagué - Colômbia
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Data
2017-06-23
Autores
Valverde Granja, Agustín [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta Tese de Doutorado apresentou o estudo dos problemas de tensão originados no ponto comum de conexão de uma rede experimental para fornecer até 1.000 kWh/mês de energia solar com a rede de baixa tensão da Universidade de Ibagué, na Colômbia. Inicialmente foi feita uma introdução, onde destacou-se a importância da geração distribuída, os problemas gerados e os objetivos propostos. Em seguida, foi realizado o estudo da qualidade da energia na rede de baixa tensão, conforme as normas NTC 5001. Foi dimensionada, montada e colocada em operação uma rede experimental, utilizando a metodologia proposta nesta Tese, composta de 30 painéis solares de 260 W marca IBC solar, um inversor marca Fronius de 7,6 kW e um contador bidirecional ligados diretamente à rede através com fio de seção transversal de 6,0 mm2. A energia máxima produzida pela rede experimental foi de 850 kWh/mês, equivalente a 72,65% do total da capacidade instalada. Os painéis solares apresentaram uma eficiência média de 15,7%, a eficiência do inversor foi obtida na faixa de 75 a 94% e o desempenho global, PR, entre 0,83 e 1,30. Depois de avaliar a rede experimental seguiu-se com a análise da qualidade da energia no ponto comum de ligação registrando, em relação às perturbações de longa duração, um aumento de 2%; o desequilíbrio da tensão diminuiu 3,5%, as harmônicas de tensão aumentaram 7% na linha U1, 0,8% na linha U2 e 3% na linha U3. Em relação à corrente harmônica foi evidenciado um incremento de 22% na linha U1. Nos valores das cintilações de curto e longo prazo. Para os picos e interrupções de longa duração não foram encontrados diferenças significativas. Nas perturbações rápidas a potência ativa e reativa total no período do recesso aumentaram 58% e 42% respectivamente. A análise termográfica permitiu estabelecer um aumento da temperatura no ponto comum de ligação à rede de 7,5%. A temperatura superficial do painél foi calculada a partir do modelo matemático proposto neste trabalho para a cidade de Ibagué. O modelo foi resultado de uma análise estatística com o software Minitab e utilizou os dados da variação da radiação solar e da temperatura ambiente. Quando a temperatura do painel foi maior que a temperatura ambiente, a porcentagem de erro do modelo foi de 14,09%. O análise econômica permitiu estabelecer os custos de investimento por kWp instalado na rede experimental com ovalor de 2100 USD/kWp. O valor presente líquido (VPL) começou a apresemtar valores positivos a partir de 6,3 anos e a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) calculada para este projeto foi de 17,8%. Espera-se que as experiências no projeto possam servir de referência na aplicação da lei 1715 do governo Colombiano para o aproveitamento da energia solar.
This doctoral thesis presented the study of voltage problems originating from the common point of connection of an experimental network to provide up to 1,000 kWh / month of solar energy with the low voltage network of the University of Ibague in Colombia. Initially an introduction was made, highlighting the importance of distributed generation, the problems generated and the proposed objectives. Next, the study of the quality of the energy in the low voltage network was carried out, according to the norms NTC 5001. An experimental network was dimensioned, assembled and put into operation using the methodology proposed in this thesis, composed of 30 solar panels of 260 W brand IBC solar, a Fronius brand inverter of 7.6 kW and a bidirectional counter connected directly to the network through thread of cross-section of 6.0 mm2. The maximum energy produced by the experimental network was 850 kWh / month, equivalent to 72.65% of the total installed capacity. The solar panels had an average efficiency of 15.7%, the efficiency of the inverter was obtained in the range of 75 to 94% and the overall performance, PR, between 0.83 and 1.30. After evaluating the experimental network, it was followed by the analysis of the quality of the energy at the common point of connection, in relation to long-term disturbances, an increase of 2%; the voltage unbalance decreased by 3.5%, voltage harmonics increased by 7% in line U1, 0.8% in line U2 and 3% in line U3. In relation to the harmonic current, an increase of 22% in line U1 was evidenced. In the values of short and long term scintillations. For peaks and long-term interruptions no significant differences were found. In the fast perturbations the total active and reactive power in the period of the recess increased 58% and 42% respectively. The thermal analysis allowed to establish an increase in temperature at the common point of connection to the network of 7.5%. The surface temperature of the panel was calculated from the mathematical model proposed in this work for the city of Ibagué. The model was the result of a statistical analysis with Minitab software and used the data of solar radiation variation and ambient temperature. When the panel temperature was higher than the ambient temperature, the model error percentage was 14.09%. The economic analysis allowed us to establish the investment costs per kWp installed in the experimental network with a value of 2100 USD / kWp. The net present value (NPV) began to show positive values from 6.3 years and the internal rate of return (TIR) calculated for this project was 17.8%. It is hoped that the experiences in the project can serve as reference in the application of law 1715 of the Colombian government for the exploitation of solar energy.
This doctoral thesis presented the study of voltage problems originating from the common point of connection of an experimental network to provide up to 1,000 kWh / month of solar energy with the low voltage network of the University of Ibague in Colombia. Initially an introduction was made, highlighting the importance of distributed generation, the problems generated and the proposed objectives. Next, the study of the quality of the energy in the low voltage network was carried out, according to the norms NTC 5001. An experimental network was dimensioned, assembled and put into operation using the methodology proposed in this thesis, composed of 30 solar panels of 260 W brand IBC solar, a Fronius brand inverter of 7.6 kW and a bidirectional counter connected directly to the network through thread of cross-section of 6.0 mm2. The maximum energy produced by the experimental network was 850 kWh / month, equivalent to 72.65% of the total installed capacity. The solar panels had an average efficiency of 15.7%, the efficiency of the inverter was obtained in the range of 75 to 94% and the overall performance, PR, between 0.83 and 1.30. After evaluating the experimental network, it was followed by the analysis of the quality of the energy at the common point of connection, in relation to long-term disturbances, an increase of 2%; the voltage unbalance decreased by 3.5%, voltage harmonics increased by 7% in line U1, 0.8% in line U2 and 3% in line U3. In relation to the harmonic current, an increase of 22% in line U1 was evidenced. In the values of short and long term scintillations. For peaks and long-term interruptions no significant differences were found. In the fast perturbations the total active and reactive power in the period of the recess increased 58% and 42% respectively. The thermal analysis allowed to establish an increase in temperature at the common point of connection to the network of 7.5%. The surface temperature of the panel was calculated from the mathematical model proposed in this work for the city of Ibagué. The model was the result of a statistical analysis with Minitab software and used the data of solar radiation variation and ambient temperature. When the panel temperature was higher than the ambient temperature, the model error percentage was 14.09%. The economic analysis allowed us to establish the investment costs per kWp installed in the experimental network with a value of 2100 USD / kWp. The net present value (NPV) began to show positive values from 6.3 years and the internal rate of return (TIR) calculated for this project was 17.8%. It is hoped that the experiences in the project can serve as reference in the application of law 1715 of the Colombian government for the exploitation of solar energy.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Energia solar, Geração de energia, Rede experimental, Qualidade da energia, Baixa tensão, Solar energy, Power generation, Experimental solar system, Power quality, Low-voltage network