Aplicação de fertilizante amoniacal como estratégia para melhorar a eficiência de uso do fósforo em milho
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2017-02-13
Autores
Souza, Elialdo Alves de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A aplicação de amônio pode, em algumas condições, melhorar a eficiência de uso do fósforo (EUP) e o desenvolvimento do milho, especialmente em solos tropicais, normalmente ácidos e pobres em P disponível. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o efeito da adubação amoniacal sobre o aproveitamento do P, as condições bioquímicas da rizosfera, a morfologia radicular e o desenvolvimento da cultura do milho. Os dois experimentos iniciais foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, o primeiro em vasos de 12 L e o segundo em Plant Growth Containers (PGCs), com solo previamente corrigido e adubado segundo os tratamentos: 3 (três formas de adubação nitrogenada - amoniacal, nítrica e mista) x cinco doses de fosfato (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 mg P kg-1 de solo). Aos 35 dias após a emergência as raízes foram removidas dos containers e vasos e as amostras de planta e solo foram coletadas para análises. O solo rizosférico no experimento I foi obtido por “agitação-lavagem” e no experimento II por “fatiamento em camadas”, de forma que quatro das oito repetições foram congeladas frescas (análises: amônio, nitrato, C orgânico e P microbiano) e quatro foram transformadas em TFSE (análises: fracionamento químico do P e pH). As amostras de planta foram submetidas a pesagem e análise nutricional. O experimento III foi conduzido em um sistema de scanners em solução nutritiva de acordo com os tratamentos: 2 (amônio ou nitrato) x (alta dose ou baixa dose de P), com 10 repetições. Imagens foram obtidas diariamente para avaliação do desenvolvimento radicular. Ao final dos ensaios foram obtidos peso fresco e seco, análises de P em tecidos e, com dados de diferentes parâmetros radiculares, foi feito o desenho da planta média no RootBox. Os tratamentos com amônio e nitrato + amônio, na dose mais alta de P no experimento I ou em todas as doses no experimento II, resultaram em maior produção de matéria seca, menor relação raiz: parte aérea, desenvolvimento de raiz mais aequado à absorção de P, maior recuperação de P, maior acúmulo de amônio, nitrato e N-mineral nas camadas mais próximas ao rizoplano, menor pH, maior mobilização de formas menos lábeis de P, maior consumo de P geoquímico e P biológico. Houve diferença entre solo rizosférico e solo não rizosférico e entre as diferentes camadas da rizosfera, para todos os parâmetros, entre as formas de nitrogênio. O amônio e nitrato + amônio resultaram em maior produção de C orgânico solúvel em água e maior dose de superfosfato triplo resultou em maior quantidade de P na fração microbiana. O amônio resultou desenvolvimento radicular mais ramificado e com maior número de raízes laterais. O amônio melhora a eficiência de uso do P, devido às mudanças químicas e biológicas na rizosfera, e às mudanças na arquitetura radicular, que favorecem a solubilidade, a mineralização e a absorção de fosfato e, consequentemente, aumenta a produção de matéria seca nos estádios iniciais da cultura do milho.
Ammonium application can improve phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and the development of maize plants, especially in tropical soils, usually acids and P-limiting. The aim of this study is evaluate how ammoniacal fertilization impacts the P use efficiency (PUE), the biochemical conditions of the rhizosphere, the root morphology and the development of maize plants. Two initial experiments were carried on greenhouse, the first one in pots of 20 L and the second one in Plant Growth Containers (PGCs), using soil after liming and fertilized according to the following treatments: 3 (nitrogen fertilization: ammonium only, nitrate only and both) x five doses of phosphate (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg P kg-1 of soil). At 35 days after emergence the roots were removed from the containers and pots and the plant and soil samples were collected for analysis. The rhizosphere soil in experiment I was obtained by "shaking-washing" and in the experiment II by "layer slicing". Four of the eight soil replicates were fresh frozen (analyzes: ammonium, nitrate, organic C and microbial P) and four of them were dried (analyzes: chemical fractionation of P and pH). Plant samples were weighed and analyzed for P content. The experiment III was carried on a system of nutrient solution scanners according to the treatments: 2 (ammonium or nitrate) x (high or low dose of P), with 10 replicates. Images were obtained in daily basis for the evaluation of root development. At the end of the tests, fresh and dry weights and P content were obtained. Data of different root traits were used to draw the average plant on the RootBox. The treatments with ammonium and nitrate + ammonium, plus the highest dose of P in the experiment I or at all doses in the experiment II, resulted in higher dry matter yield, lower root ratio: aerial part, root development adequate for P absorption, higher P recovering, higher ammonium, nitrate and N-mineral accumulation in the nearest layersto the rhizoplane, lower pH, greater mobilization of less labile P forms, higher mobilization of geochemical and biological P. There were differences between rhizospheric and bulk soils and between the different layers of the rhizosphere, for all parameters and treatments. Ammonium and nitrate + ammonium resulted in higher organic C water soluble organic C, and higher dose of triple superphosphate resulted in higher amount of P in the microbial fraction. Ammonium resulted in a branched root with a greater number of lateral roots. Ammonium improves the use efficiency, solubility, mineralization and uptake of P, due to chemical and biological changes in the rhizosphere and root architecture in the early stages of corn development.
Ammonium application can improve phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and the development of maize plants, especially in tropical soils, usually acids and P-limiting. The aim of this study is evaluate how ammoniacal fertilization impacts the P use efficiency (PUE), the biochemical conditions of the rhizosphere, the root morphology and the development of maize plants. Two initial experiments were carried on greenhouse, the first one in pots of 20 L and the second one in Plant Growth Containers (PGCs), using soil after liming and fertilized according to the following treatments: 3 (nitrogen fertilization: ammonium only, nitrate only and both) x five doses of phosphate (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg P kg-1 of soil). At 35 days after emergence the roots were removed from the containers and pots and the plant and soil samples were collected for analysis. The rhizosphere soil in experiment I was obtained by "shaking-washing" and in the experiment II by "layer slicing". Four of the eight soil replicates were fresh frozen (analyzes: ammonium, nitrate, organic C and microbial P) and four of them were dried (analyzes: chemical fractionation of P and pH). Plant samples were weighed and analyzed for P content. The experiment III was carried on a system of nutrient solution scanners according to the treatments: 2 (ammonium or nitrate) x (high or low dose of P), with 10 replicates. Images were obtained in daily basis for the evaluation of root development. At the end of the tests, fresh and dry weights and P content were obtained. Data of different root traits were used to draw the average plant on the RootBox. The treatments with ammonium and nitrate + ammonium, plus the highest dose of P in the experiment I or at all doses in the experiment II, resulted in higher dry matter yield, lower root ratio: aerial part, root development adequate for P absorption, higher P recovering, higher ammonium, nitrate and N-mineral accumulation in the nearest layersto the rhizoplane, lower pH, greater mobilization of less labile P forms, higher mobilization of geochemical and biological P. There were differences between rhizospheric and bulk soils and between the different layers of the rhizosphere, for all parameters and treatments. Ammonium and nitrate + ammonium resulted in higher organic C water soluble organic C, and higher dose of triple superphosphate resulted in higher amount of P in the microbial fraction. Ammonium resulted in a branched root with a greater number of lateral roots. Ammonium improves the use efficiency, solubility, mineralization and uptake of P, due to chemical and biological changes in the rhizosphere and root architecture in the early stages of corn development.
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Palavras-chave
Amônio, Nitrato, Eficiência de uso do fósforo, Rizosfera, Ammonium, Nitrate, Phosphorus use efficiency, Rhizosphere