Trabalho e saúde mental: análise de uma oficina de geração de trabalho e renda
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Data
2017-06-30
Autores
Sartor, Nicelle Juliana de Paula [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O campo da Saúde Mental no Brasil tem obtido avanços na concretização da Reforma Psiquiátrica com a publicação de Políticas Públicas, construção da Rede Substitutiva, auxílios financeiros, espaços de cultura e lazer e outros pautados na perspectiva da ampliação da autonomia e da cidadania das pessoas com transtornos mentais. O campo Trabalho aparece, a partir da III Conferência Nacional de Saúde Mental, como essencial para superar o antigo modelo asilar tornando os sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico protagonistas de suas vidas. No país estão cadastradas mais de mil experiências de geração de trabalho e renda em diferentes localidades e com diversas formas de organização do trabalho. Dadas essas experiências inovadoras, se pauta a importância de estudos que busquem compreender os aspectos que envolvem a inserção desses sujeitos no campo do trabalho. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo psicossocial de inserção no trabalho de um grupo de pessoas com transtornos mentais, vinculadas a uma Oficina de Geração de Trabalho e Renda. A perspectiva teórica é a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, subsidiada pelos pressupostos do Materialismo Histórico e Dialético. A pesquisa foi realizada na Associação Arte e Convívio que atua na temática de trabalho para usuários de saúde mental desde 1995 na cidade de Botucatu. Para o trabalho de campo realizamos Observação Participante de uma oficina de geração de trabalho e renda, com nove participantes por um período de quatro meses. Foi realizado um Grupo Focal com os profissionais da instituição, com cinco participantes no primeiro encontro e quatro no segundo. Para análise dos dados fizemos leituras flutuantes de todo o material e o agrupamos em temas semelhantes fazendo uma descrição e escrita de impressões relativas aos trechos e, por fim, construímos três grandes temáticas: A organização da oficina de geração de trabalho e renda, O cotidiano do trabalho e O trabalho formal ou informal. Ao final da análise apresentamos uma síntese sobre os sentidos do trabalho para os trabalhadores da oficina. Utilizamos o conceito de vivência na perspectiva da psicologia histórico-cultural para nos auxiliar na compreensão dos dados encontrados. Observamos os usuários de saúde mental vivenciarem o pertencimento de outro lugar social, no qual são reconhecidos não a partir de sua condição de adoecimento, mas como trabalhadores. Neste sentido foi possível verificar a ampliação das trocas sociais, aumentando seu poder de contratualidade, seja nas relações do trabalho com os clientes, com outros usuários, com equipe da AAC, consigo mesmo ou em outros espaços acessando bens de consumo. Salientamos os desafios que este tipo de inserção no trabalho impõe aos trabalhadores, visto que apresenta limites dados pela própria atividade, seja em limitações no valor da bolsa-salário, por estarem inseridos no modo de produção capitalista à mercê de sua economia e das relações sociais produzidas nela. Apesar disso, percebemos que os sentidos atribuídos para essa vivência são muito positivos, contribuindo para a ampliação do desenvolvimento e potencialidades dos participantes.
The field of Mental Health in Brazil has achieved progress in the fulfillment of the Psychiatric Reform through the implementation of Public Policies, the construction of a Replacement Network, financial aid, cultural and leisure spaces and others, based on the perspective of citizenship and autonomy increasing of people with Mental Disorders. Starting with the III National Conference on Mental Health, the field of work emerges as essential to overcome the old model of asylums, transforming the individuals with mental suffering in protagonists of their own lives. In Brazil, there are more than a thousand experiences of employment and income generation registered, in different locations and with varied forms of labour organization. These innovative experiences justify the importance of studies that aim to understand aspects associated with the insertion of these individuals in the field of work. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the psychosocial process of labour insertion in a group of people with mental disorders affiliated to an Employment and Income Generation Workshop. The theoretical perspective is the Cultural-historical Psychology, complemented by the assumptions of the Historical and Dialectical Materialism. The research was performed in the Associação Arte e Convívio, which operates in the field of work for mental health users since 1995 in the city of Botucatu. For the fieldwork, Participant Observation was undertaken on an Employment and Income Generation Workshop with nine participants through a period of four months. A focus group was held with the professionals from the institution, totaling five participants in the first meeting and four in the second one. For data analysis we performed fluctuating readings of all the material and grouped it into similar subjects, describing and writing impressions related to the excerpts. Finally, we structured three great themes: The organization of the employment and income generation workshop, The routine of work and Formal or informal work. By the end of the analysis, we presented a synthesis of the meanings of work for workshop participants. We adopted the concept of experience, from the cultural-historical psychology perspective, to assist us with the comprehension of the data. We observed that mental health users experienced belonging to another social place, in which they are recognized not because of their illness but as workers. In this sense, it was possible to verify the expansion of social exchanges, which increased the contractual power of the participants, either in work relations with clients, other users, the AAC staff, themselves or in other spaces accessing consumer goods. We emphasize the challenges that this type of labour insertion imposes on the workers, since it presents restraints given by the activity itself, either in limitations of the wage-salary value, or (?) because they are inserted in the capitalist mode of production at the mercy of its economy and of the social relations produced in it. Regardless of this, we perceived that the meanings attributed to this experience are very positive, contributing to the unfolding of the development and potentialities of the participants.
The field of Mental Health in Brazil has achieved progress in the fulfillment of the Psychiatric Reform through the implementation of Public Policies, the construction of a Replacement Network, financial aid, cultural and leisure spaces and others, based on the perspective of citizenship and autonomy increasing of people with Mental Disorders. Starting with the III National Conference on Mental Health, the field of work emerges as essential to overcome the old model of asylums, transforming the individuals with mental suffering in protagonists of their own lives. In Brazil, there are more than a thousand experiences of employment and income generation registered, in different locations and with varied forms of labour organization. These innovative experiences justify the importance of studies that aim to understand aspects associated with the insertion of these individuals in the field of work. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the psychosocial process of labour insertion in a group of people with mental disorders affiliated to an Employment and Income Generation Workshop. The theoretical perspective is the Cultural-historical Psychology, complemented by the assumptions of the Historical and Dialectical Materialism. The research was performed in the Associação Arte e Convívio, which operates in the field of work for mental health users since 1995 in the city of Botucatu. For the fieldwork, Participant Observation was undertaken on an Employment and Income Generation Workshop with nine participants through a period of four months. A focus group was held with the professionals from the institution, totaling five participants in the first meeting and four in the second one. For data analysis we performed fluctuating readings of all the material and grouped it into similar subjects, describing and writing impressions related to the excerpts. Finally, we structured three great themes: The organization of the employment and income generation workshop, The routine of work and Formal or informal work. By the end of the analysis, we presented a synthesis of the meanings of work for workshop participants. We adopted the concept of experience, from the cultural-historical psychology perspective, to assist us with the comprehension of the data. We observed that mental health users experienced belonging to another social place, in which they are recognized not because of their illness but as workers. In this sense, it was possible to verify the expansion of social exchanges, which increased the contractual power of the participants, either in work relations with clients, other users, the AAC staff, themselves or in other spaces accessing consumer goods. We emphasize the challenges that this type of labour insertion imposes on the workers, since it presents restraints given by the activity itself, either in limitations of the wage-salary value, or (?) because they are inserted in the capitalist mode of production at the mercy of its economy and of the social relations produced in it. Regardless of this, we perceived that the meanings attributed to this experience are very positive, contributing to the unfolding of the development and potentialities of the participants.
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Palavras-chave
Saúde mental, Atenção psicossocial, Trabalho, Saúde coletiva, Psicologia histórico-cultural, Mental health, Psychosocial care, Work, Collective health, Cultural-historical psychology