Gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos na Amazônia Paraense: um estudo sobre o município de Barcarena (1897-2017)
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Data
2017-08-17
Autores
Brasil, Antônio de Pádua de Mesquita dos Santos [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Desde que foi distrito de Belém do Pará, Barcarena é marcada por várias questões envolvendo resíduos sólidos urbanos. Com a chegada do projeto minerometalúrgico ALBRAS/ALUNORTE no município, na virada da década de 1970 para 1980, essa problemática tendeu a se agravar pelo aumento intenso da população, acompanhado de um processo de industrialização e crescimento urbano acelerado, a demandar cada vez mais limpeza e destinação adequada de resíduos sólidos. Nesse contexto interessa saber: a) O que levou a administração de Antonio Lemos (1897-1911) não incluir efetivamente em suas políticas de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos (GRSU) o distrito de Barcarena? b) Que fator contribuiu para a política de GRSU continuar ineficaz em Barcarena, mesmo depois de seu desmembramento de Belém em 1943? c) Quais condicionantes convergiram para os descaminhos da GRSU em Barcarena, após a implantação do projeto ALBRAS/ALUNORTE? Para orientação à explicação de tais problemas, as hipóteses de trabalho são de que: i) a concentração da elite econômica na cidade de Belém, e a assimilação da cultura europeia belle époque pelo governo de Antonio Lemos restringiram a GRSU no centro da capital paraense em prejuízo do distrito de Barcarena; ii) até o final da década de 1970, o meio rural ainda ocupava função chave na organização do espaço de Barcarena, daí a sede do município e outros aglomerados populacionais adotarem práticas de manejo de resíduos sólidos semelhantes ao que se desenvolviam no campo, mas incompatíveis à realidade urbana; iii) a superposição territorial do governo federal em Barcarena gerou contradições de poderes entre a CODEBAR, a Prefeitura Municipal, e a ALBRAS, fragilizando a participação da sociedade civil, e redundando na ineficiência da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral, analisar o modelo de GRSU do município, a partir dos instrumentos legais que dizem respeito à política púbica e a política de governo na temporalidade (1897-2017). Com base em levantamentos bibliográficos e documentais, além de pesquisa de campo foi possível qualificar os dados e comprovar as hipóteses formuladas, chegando-se a conclusão de que Barcarena precisa de um novo modelo de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos, instrumentalizado por uma educação ambiental de cunho crítica e de caráter formal e não formal.
Barcarena is marked for several issues involving urban solid waste since the city was a district of Belém do Pará. After the arrival of the mining-metallurgical project ALBRAS/ALUNORTE in the city in the late 1970s this problem tended to be aggravated by the intense increase of the population, along with an accelerated industrialization and urbanization process that increasingly demanded the cleansing and appropriate destination of solid waste. In this context it is important to know: a) What took the administration of Antonio Lemos (1897-1911) not to effectively include in its urban solid waste management (GRSU in portuguese) policies the district of Barcarena? B) What factor contributed to the GRSU policy to remain ineffective in Barcarena, even after its dismemberment of Belém in 1953? c) Which constraints converged to the misconduct of the GRSU in Barcarena, after the implementation of the ALBRAS / ALUNORTE project? To guide the explanation of such problems, the working hypotheses are that: i) the concentration of the economic elite in Belém and the assimilation of the belle époque European culture by the government of Antonio Lemos restricted the GRSU in the center of the capital of Pará to the detriment of the district of Barcarena; ii) until the end of the 1970s, rural areas still played a key role in the organization of the Barcarena area, hence the seat of the municipality and other agglomerations adopt solid waste management practices similar to those developed in the countryside, but incompatible to urban reality; iii) the territorial overlap of the federal government in Barcarena generated contradictions of powers between CODEBAR, the City Hall, and ALBRAS, weakening the participation of civil society, resulting in the inefficiency of solid urban waste management. Hence, the general objective of this paper is to analyze the GRSU model of the municipality, based on legal instruments that concern public policy and government policy in temporality (1897-2017). Based on bibliographical and documentary surveys, besides field research, it was possible to qualify the data and to prove the formulated hypotheses, reaching the conclusion that Barcarena needs a new model of urban solid waste management, instrumented by a formal and non-formal environmental.
Barcarena is marked for several issues involving urban solid waste since the city was a district of Belém do Pará. After the arrival of the mining-metallurgical project ALBRAS/ALUNORTE in the city in the late 1970s this problem tended to be aggravated by the intense increase of the population, along with an accelerated industrialization and urbanization process that increasingly demanded the cleansing and appropriate destination of solid waste. In this context it is important to know: a) What took the administration of Antonio Lemos (1897-1911) not to effectively include in its urban solid waste management (GRSU in portuguese) policies the district of Barcarena? B) What factor contributed to the GRSU policy to remain ineffective in Barcarena, even after its dismemberment of Belém in 1953? c) Which constraints converged to the misconduct of the GRSU in Barcarena, after the implementation of the ALBRAS / ALUNORTE project? To guide the explanation of such problems, the working hypotheses are that: i) the concentration of the economic elite in Belém and the assimilation of the belle époque European culture by the government of Antonio Lemos restricted the GRSU in the center of the capital of Pará to the detriment of the district of Barcarena; ii) until the end of the 1970s, rural areas still played a key role in the organization of the Barcarena area, hence the seat of the municipality and other agglomerations adopt solid waste management practices similar to those developed in the countryside, but incompatible to urban reality; iii) the territorial overlap of the federal government in Barcarena generated contradictions of powers between CODEBAR, the City Hall, and ALBRAS, weakening the participation of civil society, resulting in the inefficiency of solid urban waste management. Hence, the general objective of this paper is to analyze the GRSU model of the municipality, based on legal instruments that concern public policy and government policy in temporality (1897-2017). Based on bibliographical and documentary surveys, besides field research, it was possible to qualify the data and to prove the formulated hypotheses, reaching the conclusion that Barcarena needs a new model of urban solid waste management, instrumented by a formal and non-formal environmental.
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Palavras-chave
Políticas públicas, Gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos, Território, Educação ambiental, Public policy, Urban solid waste management, Territory, Environmental education