Jornalismo e movimento social: enquadramento do movimento grevista dos professores do Paraná nos jornais Brasil de Fato e Folha de S. Paulo
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Data
2017-10-06
Autores
Caldeira, Priscila Santana
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Frequentemente a mídia tradicional/hegemônica deixa de reconhecer a importância de movimentos grevistas e movimentos sociais em geral. Atuando no contraponto de tendências dominantes, a mídia alternativa se estabelece como lugar de fala para a manutenção da conquista de direitos, tratando a cidadania como instrumento de emancipação e justiça social. Uma greve unificada da educação que durou mais de 100 dias no estado do Paraná em 2015 marcou a história do acontecimento e afetou milhares de pessoas em todo o estado. Este estudo verificou como os veículos de comunicação brasileiros, o alternativo jornal Brasil de Fato e o hegemônico Folha de S. Paulo, enquadraram o movimento grevista de servidores e professores da rede estadual de ensino do estado do Paraná, especificamente o “Massacre/Batalha do Centro Cívico”. A metodologia utilizada foi a do enquadramento, pois permitiu analisar a posição dos meios de comunicação sobre o acontecimento. O objeto da análise foi a cobertura das versões online dos jornais Brasil de Fato e Folha de S. Paulo, de 28 a 30 de abril de 2015 – período que abarca o que ficou conhecido por “Batalha do Centro Cívico”, ocorrido em 29 de abril, e os dias anterior e posterior à repressão do movimento grevista. Buscou-se analisar os padrões de cobertura dos jornais alternativo e hegemônico na atuação do movimento social, por meio da compreensão de como cada um dos veículos articulam as questões relacionadas aos sujeitos protagonistas da “Batalha do Centro Cívico”. A partir disso, se teve condições de apontar um paralelo de significação entre os dois veículos, foco de observação na pesquisa. A amostragem compreendeu três textos do Brasil de Fato e 13 matérias da Folha de S. Paulo. A Folha de S. Paulo enquadrou a reivindicação dos grevistas de maneira criminalizada, apesar de ter sido mais plural com relação ao uso das fontes. Já a cobertura do Brasil de Fato não foi tão problematizadora mesmo tendo atuado na contextualização do motivo da greve e apresentação dos dados da repressão policial. Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa por meio da Teoria do Enquadramento tal como proposta por Entman (1993). A fundamentação teórica se assenta nas obras de Maria da Glória Gohn (2008, 2012, 2014), Ilse Scherer-Warren (2004, 2011), Pedro Demo (2009), Máximo Simpson Grinberg (1987), Bernardo Kucinski (1991), Cicilia Peruzzo (2008), John Downing (2002), Chris Atton (2001), Entman (1993) e Mauro Porto (2001).
Traditional/hegemonic media often fails to recognize striking and social movements importance. Acting as a counterpoint of dominant tendencies, alternative media establishes itself as a speech place for the maintenance of rights achievements, seeing citizenship as an instrument for emancipation and social justice. In 2015, a unified education strike that lasted more than 100 days in the state of Paraná marked the event history and affected thousands of people across the state. This study verified how Brazilian media, the alternative newspaper Brasil de Fato and the traditional / hegemonic Folha de S. Paulo, framed the Paraná’s state servers and teachers strike movement, specifically the "Civic Center Battle". The methodology used was the framework analysis, because it allowed analyzing media’s position about the event. The analysis was applied in the online publications of Brasil de Fato and Folha de S. Paulo between April 28 th and 30th 2015 - this period includes the event that became known as "Civic Center Battle", which took place in April 29, and the days before and after the repression of the strike movement. It was aimed to analyze alternative and hegemonic patterns of newspapers coverage about this social movement, to understand how each vehicle articulate issues related to protagonists of “Civic Center Battle”. From this analysis, it was possible to point out a significance parallel between the two vehicles studied in this research. The sample was three texts from Brasil de Fato and 13 articles from Folha de S. Paulo. Folha de S. Paulo framed the strikers’ claim in a criminalized way, although it was more plural in the use of sources. Brasil de Fato coverage wasn’t so critical, however, it has contextualized the reasons for the strike and presented data about police repression. This study uses qualitative approach through Framing Theory as proposed by Entman (1993). The theoretical foundation is based on the works of Maria da Glória Gohn (2008, 2012, 2014), Ilse Scherer-Warren (2004, 2011), Pedro Demo (2009), Máximo Simpson Grinberg (1987), Bernardo Kucinski (1991), Cicilia Peruzzo (2008), John Downing (2002), Chris Atton (2001), Entman (1993) and Mauro Porto (2001).
Traditional/hegemonic media often fails to recognize striking and social movements importance. Acting as a counterpoint of dominant tendencies, alternative media establishes itself as a speech place for the maintenance of rights achievements, seeing citizenship as an instrument for emancipation and social justice. In 2015, a unified education strike that lasted more than 100 days in the state of Paraná marked the event history and affected thousands of people across the state. This study verified how Brazilian media, the alternative newspaper Brasil de Fato and the traditional / hegemonic Folha de S. Paulo, framed the Paraná’s state servers and teachers strike movement, specifically the "Civic Center Battle". The methodology used was the framework analysis, because it allowed analyzing media’s position about the event. The analysis was applied in the online publications of Brasil de Fato and Folha de S. Paulo between April 28 th and 30th 2015 - this period includes the event that became known as "Civic Center Battle", which took place in April 29, and the days before and after the repression of the strike movement. It was aimed to analyze alternative and hegemonic patterns of newspapers coverage about this social movement, to understand how each vehicle articulate issues related to protagonists of “Civic Center Battle”. From this analysis, it was possible to point out a significance parallel between the two vehicles studied in this research. The sample was three texts from Brasil de Fato and 13 articles from Folha de S. Paulo. Folha de S. Paulo framed the strikers’ claim in a criminalized way, although it was more plural in the use of sources. Brasil de Fato coverage wasn’t so critical, however, it has contextualized the reasons for the strike and presented data about police repression. This study uses qualitative approach through Framing Theory as proposed by Entman (1993). The theoretical foundation is based on the works of Maria da Glória Gohn (2008, 2012, 2014), Ilse Scherer-Warren (2004, 2011), Pedro Demo (2009), Máximo Simpson Grinberg (1987), Bernardo Kucinski (1991), Cicilia Peruzzo (2008), John Downing (2002), Chris Atton (2001), Entman (1993) and Mauro Porto (2001).
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Palavras-chave
Jornalismo, Movimentos sociais, Enquadramento, Brasil de Fato, Folha de S. Paulo, Journalism, Social movements, Framing