Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) e Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) como componentes do manejo integrado de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) na cultura do milho
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2017-11-14
Autores
Silva, Laís Cristina da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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A exemplo de praticamente todos os cultivos agrícolas no Brasil, a cultura do milho é hospedeira de insetos fitófagos de diferentes espécies, que invariavelmente ocasionam prejuízos econômicos à produção do país. Para diminuir os prejuízos causados pelos insetos-praga, o uso de inseticidas se tornou uma pratica cada vez mais comum nos plantios. No entanto, as pulverizações excessivas, e muitas vezes realizadas sem necessidade tornaram essa tática de controle pouco eficiente no manejo das principais pragas da cultura do milho. Dentro desse contexto, torna-se cada vez mais importante a adoção das práticas do MIP, ainda muito pouco utilizadas no Brasil, em que as táticas de controle são utilizadas de forma isolada ou integrada afim de regular a população da praga e preservar os inimigos naturais. Para tanto, o monitoramento das pragas e o reconhecimento do papel regulador dos insetos benéficos são primordiais. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi a avaliar a eficiência de T. pretiosum e T. remus no manejo de S. frugiperda na cultura do milho. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas áreas pertencentes a Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) da FCA/UNESP, Campus Botucatu – SP, durante as safras 2015/16 e 2016/17. Durante a segunda safra (safrinha) 2016 o experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda São José, localizada no munícipio de Sidrolândia-MS. Os quatro tratamentos adotados em Botucatu-SP foram alocados em uma área contendo três hectares, dividida em parcelas de 1 hectare cada e dimensionadas com auxílio de GPS, as áreas ficaram distantes entre si para que um tratamento não influenciasse no outro. Em Sidrolândia-MS, apenas três tratamentos foram testados e instalados cada um em uma área de três hectares, dividida em parcelas de 1 hectare cada, entre os tratamentos foi deixado 150 metros de área plantada para evitar a influência de um tratamento no outro. Para dar início às pulverizações nos tratamentos com controle químico (MIP+CQ) e às liberações nos tratamentos de controle biológico (MIP+CB), foram instaladas armadilhas com feromônio sexual para Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nas áreas avaliadas. As amostragens foram iniciadas a partir dos primeiros estádios vegetativos e seguiram até que a maturidade fisiológica das plantas fosse identificada. As plantas foram avaliadas semanalmente quanto a presença de S. frugiperda e inimigos naturais, além de receberem uma nota de dano associada a injúria provocada por S. frugiperda. De maneira geral, é possível afirmar que o controle biológico com parasitoides de ovos é tão eficiente quanto o controle químico ao ser utilizado como tática de manejo de lepidópteros-praga na cultura do milho e que ambas as táticas ao serem utilizadas dentro das premissas do MIP (adoção do nível de controle, monitoramento e pulverização de produtos seletivos), permitem o reestabelecimento e conservação dos inimigos naturais.
As practically all agricultural crops in Brazil, maize crop is a host of phytophagous insects of different species, that invariably cause economic losses to the country's production. To reduce the damage caused by insect pests, the use of insecticides has become an increasingly common practice in planting. However, excessive spraying, and often carried out without necessity, has rendered this tactic control inefficient in the management of main maize crop pests. In this context, it becomes increasingly important to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, still underused in Brazil, where control tactics are used in isolation or integrated to regulate the population of the pest and preserve natural enemies. To this end, pest monitoring and recognition of the regulatory role of agents beneficial are paramount. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the management of lepidopteran pests with the release of the parasitoids of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) eggs in maize. The experiments were conducted in the areas belonging to FCA / UNESP in the Farm of Education, Research and Extension (FEPE), Campus Botucatu - SP, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons. In the second harvest 2016 the experiment was conducted at São José Farm, located in the Municipality of Sidrolândia-MS. The four treatments adopted in Botucatu-SP were allocated in an area containing three hectares, divided in plots of 1 hectare each and sized with GPS assistance, the areas were far apart so that one treatment did not influence the other. In Sidrolândia-MS, only three treatments were tested and installed each in an area of three hectares, divided into plots of 1 hectare each, between treatments was left 150 meters of planted area to avoid the influence of one treatment on the other. Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) traps with sex pheromone were installed in the evaluated areas to initiate spraying in the chemical control treatments (MIP + CQ) and in the biological control treatments (MIP + CB). The samplings were started from the first vegetative stages and followed until the physiological maturity of the plants was identified. The plants were evaluated weekly for the presence of S. frugiperda and natural enemies, besides receiving a note of damage associated with injury caused by S. frugiperda. In general, it’s possible to affirm that the biological control with egg parasitoids is as efficient as the chemical control when being used as a management tactic of lepidopteran-plague in the maize crop and that both tactics when being used within the premises of the MIP (adoption of the level of control, monitoring and spraying of selective products), allow the reestablishment and conservation of natural enemies.
As practically all agricultural crops in Brazil, maize crop is a host of phytophagous insects of different species, that invariably cause economic losses to the country's production. To reduce the damage caused by insect pests, the use of insecticides has become an increasingly common practice in planting. However, excessive spraying, and often carried out without necessity, has rendered this tactic control inefficient in the management of main maize crop pests. In this context, it becomes increasingly important to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, still underused in Brazil, where control tactics are used in isolation or integrated to regulate the population of the pest and preserve natural enemies. To this end, pest monitoring and recognition of the regulatory role of agents beneficial are paramount. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the management of lepidopteran pests with the release of the parasitoids of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) eggs in maize. The experiments were conducted in the areas belonging to FCA / UNESP in the Farm of Education, Research and Extension (FEPE), Campus Botucatu - SP, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons. In the second harvest 2016 the experiment was conducted at São José Farm, located in the Municipality of Sidrolândia-MS. The four treatments adopted in Botucatu-SP were allocated in an area containing three hectares, divided in plots of 1 hectare each and sized with GPS assistance, the areas were far apart so that one treatment did not influence the other. In Sidrolândia-MS, only three treatments were tested and installed each in an area of three hectares, divided into plots of 1 hectare each, between treatments was left 150 meters of planted area to avoid the influence of one treatment on the other. Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) traps with sex pheromone were installed in the evaluated areas to initiate spraying in the chemical control treatments (MIP + CQ) and in the biological control treatments (MIP + CB). The samplings were started from the first vegetative stages and followed until the physiological maturity of the plants was identified. The plants were evaluated weekly for the presence of S. frugiperda and natural enemies, besides receiving a note of damage associated with injury caused by S. frugiperda. In general, it’s possible to affirm that the biological control with egg parasitoids is as efficient as the chemical control when being used as a management tactic of lepidopteran-plague in the maize crop and that both tactics when being used within the premises of the MIP (adoption of the level of control, monitoring and spraying of selective products), allow the reestablishment and conservation of natural enemies.
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Palavras-chave
Zea mays, Manejo Integrado de Pragas Spodoptera frugiperda, Parasitoides de ovos, Controle Biológico, Eggs Parasitoids, Biological Control