Tectona grandis L.f.: patologia de frutos, patogenicidade e epidemiologia
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Data
2017-06-02
Autores
Delmadi, Leila Cristiane
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A espécie florestal Tectona grandis (Teca) é nativa do sudeste asiático, possui grande porte, rápido crescimento, produtora de madeira nobre e valorizada por sua beleza, resistência e durabilidade. No Brasil, surgiu como uma alternativa substituta a outras espécies, como o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) e a cerejeira (Torresea acreana). A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a condição fitossanitária da teca em frutos e, testar a resistência de três diferentes clones à doenças fúngicas. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) avaliar frutos de teca de 3 procedências (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT e Botucatu/SP) quanto a presença de patógenos; ii) testar a resistência de 3 clones (S0, S1 e S3) de T. grandis aos patógenos: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum e Ceratocystis fimbriata em condições controladas; iii) elaborar uma escala diagramática com folhas adultas de T. grandis, para avaliação da ferrugem causada pelo fungo O. tectonae; iv) testar a resistência de 3 clones de teca (S0, S1 e S3) à doenças fúngicas em plantio de campo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Patologia Florestal - FCA/UNESP-Botucatu e também na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em São Manoel/SP. Como resultados para o teste com frutos, obteve-se: Procedência Alta Floresta/MT, 13,33% de Aspergillus sp.; 3,33% de Colletotrichum sp. e Alternaria sp.; 1,66% de Septoria sp. e Penicillium sp.. Para os frutos procedentes de Cáceres/MT, 61,66% para o patógeno Fusarium sp., 8,33% com Penicillium sp., 1,66% com Arthrosporium sp. e Cunninghamella sp. Quanto a procedência Botucatu/SP, 21,66% com Aspergillus sp., 23,33% com Alternaria sp., 8,33% com Fusarium sp., 10% com Penicillium sp., 5% para Nigrospora sp. e 3,33% com Ovularia e Humicola. O experimento em condições controladas, com o fungo Olivea tectonae foi realizado com a pulverização de uma suspensão de esporos em concentração de 2,42 x 105 urediniósporos/mL-1. Observou-se que o período latente foi de 5 dias e, na análise de severidade o clone S0 apresentou um número de 59,4 pústulas/3cm², S1 com 86,6 e S3 com 88,1 pústulas/3cm². A inoculação dos fungos Fusarium oxysporum e Ceratocystis fimbriata foi feita com a introdução de um disco de cultura micelial em uma abertura feita no caule da planta a 10 cm do colo. Com a inoculação do F. oxysporum os resultados médios das lesões encontradas no caule, foram: S0 com 8,25 cm, S1 com 8,77 cm e S3 com 11,25 cm de lesão. Já com a inoculação do C. fimbriata as médias das lesões se deram, conforme segue: S0 com 13,2 cm, S1 com 15,3 cm e S3 com 14,8 cm de lesão. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias nos clones testados. Para a elaboração da escala diagramática, foram determinados 7 níveis de severidade em função da distribuição da amostra para as folhas adultas (N0 = 0%; N1 = 2,5%; N2 = 5%; N3 = 10%; N4 = 20%; N5 = 40% e N6 = 80%). Com a adoção da escala proposta, a totalidade dos avaliadores apresentou melhor precisão, com R² = 0,93 em comparação ao resultado obtido sem o uso da escala (R² = 0,88). O plantio em campo se deu com a introdução de 4.274 mudas de teca, divididas em 3 clones distintos (S0, S1 e S3). Foram identificadas as doenças fúngicas com ocorrência natural, ferrugem e cancro, causadas respectivamente, pelos fungos: O. tectonae e Neofusiccocum parvum. Não houve diferença estatística entre os clones para nenhum dos patógenos avaliados. Conclui-se com isso, que nas condições em que foi instalado o experimento, os clones testados não apresentaram resistência horizontal as doenças acima descritas.
The forest species Tectona grandis (Teak) is native to Southeast Asia, has large, rapidly growing producer of noble wood and valued for its beauty, strength and durability. In Brazil, it emerged as a replacement alternative to other species, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Cherry tree (Torresea acreana).The present research had as objective to investigate the phytosanitary condition of teak fruits and to test the resistance of three different clones to fungal diseases. The specific objectives were: i) to evaluate teak fruits from 3 provenances (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT and Botucatu/SP) in the presence of pathogens; ii) to test the resistance of 3 clones (S0, S1 and S3) of T. grandis to pathogens: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata under controlled conditions; iii) to elaborate a diagrammatic scale with adult leaves of T. grandis, to evaluate the rust caused by the fungus O. tectonae; iv) to test the resistance of 3 teak clones (S0, S1 and S3) to fungal diseases in field planting. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Pathology - FCA/UNESP/Botucatu and also at the experimental farm of UNESP in São Manoel/SP. As results for the fruit test, we obtained: Provenance Alta Floresta/MT, 13.33% of Aspergillus sp.; 3.33% of Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp.; 1.66% of Septoria sp. and Penicillium sp.. For fruits from Cáceres/MT, 61.66% for the pathogen Fusarium sp., 8.33% with Penicillium sp., 1.66% with Arthrosporium sp. and Cunninghamella sp. As for Botucatu/SP, 21.66% with Aspergillus sp., 23.33% with Alternaria sp., 8.33% with Fusarium sp., 10% with Penicillium sp., 5% for Nigrospora sp. and 3.33% with Ovularia and Humicola. The control under controlled conditions with fungus Olivea tectonae was carried out by spraying a suspension of spores in a concentration of 2,42 x 105 uredynopores/ml-1. It was observed that the latent period was 5 days and in the severity analysis clone S0 presented a number of 59,4 pustules/3cm², S1 with 86,6 and S3 with 88.1 pustules/3cm². The inoculation of fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata was made with the introduction of a mycelial culture disc into an opening made in the plant stem at 10 cm from the colon. With the inoculation of F. oxysporum the average results of the lesions found in the stem were: S0 with 8,25 cm, S1 with 8,77 cm and S3 with 11,25 cm of lesion. With the inoculation of C. fimbriata, the mean of the lesions were as follows: S0 with 13,2 cm, S1 with 15,3 cm and S3 with 14,8 cm of lesion. There was no statistical difference between the clones tested. For the elaboration of the diagrammatic scale, 7 levels of severity were determined as a function of the sample distribution for the adult leaves (N0 = 0%, N1 = 2,5%, N2 = 5%, N3 = 10%, N4 = 20%, N5 = 40% and N6 = 80%). With the adoption of the proposed scale, all the evaluators presented better accuracy, with R² = 0,93 compared to the result obtained without the use of the scale (R² = 0,88). Field planting occurred with the introduction of 4.274 teak seedlings, divided into 3 distinct clones (S0, S1 and S3). Fungal diseases with natural occurrence, rust and cancer, caused respectively by fungi: O. tectonae and Neofusiccocum parvum. There was no statistical difference between the clones for any of the evaluated pathogens. It was concluded that, under the conditions in which the experiment was installed, the clones tested did not show horizontal resistance to the diseases described above.
The forest species Tectona grandis (Teak) is native to Southeast Asia, has large, rapidly growing producer of noble wood and valued for its beauty, strength and durability. In Brazil, it emerged as a replacement alternative to other species, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Cherry tree (Torresea acreana).The present research had as objective to investigate the phytosanitary condition of teak fruits and to test the resistance of three different clones to fungal diseases. The specific objectives were: i) to evaluate teak fruits from 3 provenances (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT and Botucatu/SP) in the presence of pathogens; ii) to test the resistance of 3 clones (S0, S1 and S3) of T. grandis to pathogens: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata under controlled conditions; iii) to elaborate a diagrammatic scale with adult leaves of T. grandis, to evaluate the rust caused by the fungus O. tectonae; iv) to test the resistance of 3 teak clones (S0, S1 and S3) to fungal diseases in field planting. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Pathology - FCA/UNESP/Botucatu and also at the experimental farm of UNESP in São Manoel/SP. As results for the fruit test, we obtained: Provenance Alta Floresta/MT, 13.33% of Aspergillus sp.; 3.33% of Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp.; 1.66% of Septoria sp. and Penicillium sp.. For fruits from Cáceres/MT, 61.66% for the pathogen Fusarium sp., 8.33% with Penicillium sp., 1.66% with Arthrosporium sp. and Cunninghamella sp. As for Botucatu/SP, 21.66% with Aspergillus sp., 23.33% with Alternaria sp., 8.33% with Fusarium sp., 10% with Penicillium sp., 5% for Nigrospora sp. and 3.33% with Ovularia and Humicola. The control under controlled conditions with fungus Olivea tectonae was carried out by spraying a suspension of spores in a concentration of 2,42 x 105 uredynopores/ml-1. It was observed that the latent period was 5 days and in the severity analysis clone S0 presented a number of 59,4 pustules/3cm², S1 with 86,6 and S3 with 88.1 pustules/3cm². The inoculation of fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata was made with the introduction of a mycelial culture disc into an opening made in the plant stem at 10 cm from the colon. With the inoculation of F. oxysporum the average results of the lesions found in the stem were: S0 with 8,25 cm, S1 with 8,77 cm and S3 with 11,25 cm of lesion. With the inoculation of C. fimbriata, the mean of the lesions were as follows: S0 with 13,2 cm, S1 with 15,3 cm and S3 with 14,8 cm of lesion. There was no statistical difference between the clones tested. For the elaboration of the diagrammatic scale, 7 levels of severity were determined as a function of the sample distribution for the adult leaves (N0 = 0%, N1 = 2,5%, N2 = 5%, N3 = 10%, N4 = 20%, N5 = 40% and N6 = 80%). With the adoption of the proposed scale, all the evaluators presented better accuracy, with R² = 0,93 compared to the result obtained without the use of the scale (R² = 0,88). Field planting occurred with the introduction of 4.274 teak seedlings, divided into 3 distinct clones (S0, S1 and S3). Fungal diseases with natural occurrence, rust and cancer, caused respectively by fungi: O. tectonae and Neofusiccocum parvum. There was no statistical difference between the clones for any of the evaluated pathogens. It was concluded that, under the conditions in which the experiment was installed, the clones tested did not show horizontal resistance to the diseases described above.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Patologia de frutos, escala diagramática, ferrugem, cancro, murcha da teca, clones, Fruit pathology, diagrammatic scale, rust, cancer, tear wilt, clones