As potencialidades didáticas do Laboratório de ensino de Matemática para a Álgebra escolar
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2018-01-30
Autores
Lima, Mariana de Avelar Galvino [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente trabalho constitui-se em um estudo das potencialidades didático-pedagógicas do Laboratório de Ensino de Matemática (LEM), na visão de professores, como auxiliar na superação de dificuldades dos alunos do Ensino Médio, diante dos conceitos e dos procedimentos da Álgebra, em especial ao uso da linguagem simbólica. Em um primeiro momento, discorre-se sobre a diversidade de “conceitos” atribuídos ao termo Álgebra e sobre ideias envolvidas no termo LEM. Analisam-se dois documentos curriculares, levando-se em conta conceitos, procedimentos e conteúdos algébricos, sob o enfoque da linguagem simbólica. Elucidam-se alguns problemas enfrentados pelos alunos, ressaltando-se a questão problemática em torno da linguagem simbólica. A fim de ilustrar tal situação, apresentam-se relatos de professores, nos quais argumentam sobre a importância da Álgebra e comentam sobre dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos. Em etapa posterior, atingindo-se a proposta da pesquisa, seleciona-se – como fonte para análise de propostas de intervenção que contemplem a metodologia do LEM e os conteúdos algébricos do Ensino Médio – o XI Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática, com o tema “Educação Matemática: Retrospectivas e Perspectivas”. Examinou-se uma amostra de trabalhos obtida junto ao site do evento, composta por duas modalidades de pesquisas: Comunicações Científicas e Relatos de Experiência. A pesquisa enquadra-se na abordagem qualitativa, sendo, portanto, de natureza bibliográfica. A seleção e análise da amostra permitiram a identificação de uma variedade de questões concernentes ao trabalho com atividades laboratoriais e a Álgebra do Ensino Médio, tais como: o baixo número de estudos encontrados; a falta de diversificação quanto à contemplação dos conteúdos algébricos, centrando-se no tema Funções; estudos com desenvolvimentos repetitivos, alguns deles apresentando, superficialmente, o conteúdo abordado; falta de vinculação entre o uso de materiais concretos e jogos e os conteúdos abordados, dentre outros. Apesar disso, a análise dos dados confirma que há aproximação entre LEM e Álgebra, permitindo que se argumente a favor do LEM que: (i) as atividades laboratoriais encontradas favorecem o domínio da linguagem simbólica, pois incentivam o registro em linguagem verbal, estimulam a generalização verbal como ponto de partida para a generalização simbólica e proporcionam a abstração por meio de atividades experimentais ou a abstração por meio da observação; (ii) as tendências em Educação Matemática envolvidas nas atividades, por exemplo, a Modelagem Matemática e a Resolução de Problemas, assim como recursos concretos e softwares matemáticos, promovem situações em que a notação usada aproxima-se da notação formal da Matemática; (iii) o LEM contribui para a superação de dificuldades em Álgebra do Ensino Médio, oportunizando o enfrentamento de deficiências de níveis escolares anteriores. Em geral, o presente trabalho indica dois pontos centrais de importância para a Educação Matemática: o reconhecimento da ligação entre o LEM e a Álgebra, especialmente a presença de linguagem algébrica em atividades laboratoriais, e o fato de tais atividades não serem devidamente reconhecidas pelos professores no que concerne ao caso da Álgebra do Ensino Médio, inferindo-se a necessidade de ampliação da participação de professores de Matemática da Educação Básica na criação de propostas de ensino no campo da Álgebra.
This present paper comprehends a study on the didactic and pedagogical potentialities of the Math Teaching Lab (LEM) as seen by teachers, as an aid for high school students to overcome their difficulties in the face of the concepts and processes in Algebra, especially concerning the use of symbolic language. To begin with, the diversity of “concepts” attributed to the term Algebra and the ideas around the term LEM are discussed. Two curricular documents are analyzed, taking into consideration algebraic concepts, processes and contents, under the focus of symbolic language. Some of the problems faced by students are elucidated, pinpointing the problematic matter around symbolic language. Aiming at illustrating such situations, reports by teachers are presented, in which they discuss the importance of Algebra and comment on the difficulties found by their students. At a following stage, upon fulfilling the research proposal, the XI Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática (11th National Mathematical Education Conference) – with the theme “Mathematical Education: Retrospects and Prospects” – is chosen as a source of analysis of intervention proposals which observe LEM methodology and high school algebraic contents. A sample of works obtained from the website of the event, composed of two research categories: Science Communications and Experience Reports, was examined. The research fits a qualitative approach, therefore, it is of a bibliographic nature. The sample selection and analysis allowed the identification of a variety of questions concerning the work with lab activities and high school Algebra, such as: the small number of studies found; the lack of diversification in terms of comprehending algebraic contents, focusing on the Functions subject; studies with repetitive development, some of them presenting the discussed content superficially; the lack of linkage between the use of concrete material and games and the discussed content, among others. In spite of that, the data analysis confirms that there is an approach between LEM and Algebra, allowing arguing in favor of LEM that: (i) the lab activities found promote the dominance of symbolic language, for they motivate the record in verbal language, promote verbal generalization as a starting point to symbolic generalization and they provide abstraction by means of experimental activities or abstraction by means of observation; (ii) the tendencies in Mathematical Education involved in the activities, for example, Mathematical Modeling and Problem Solving, as well as concrete resources and mathematical software, promote situations in which the notation used is close to formal mathematical notation; (iii) LEM contributes to overcome difficulties in high school Algebra, providing the tackling of deficiencies of previous schooling stages. Overall, the present work indicates two important main points for Mathematical Education: the acknowledgement of a linkage between LEM and Algebra, especially the presence of algebraic language in lab activities, and the fact that these activities are not properly recognized by teachers, concerning Algebra in high school, what infers the need to increase the participation of elementary school Mathematics teachers in the creation of teaching proposals in the field of Algebra.
This present paper comprehends a study on the didactic and pedagogical potentialities of the Math Teaching Lab (LEM) as seen by teachers, as an aid for high school students to overcome their difficulties in the face of the concepts and processes in Algebra, especially concerning the use of symbolic language. To begin with, the diversity of “concepts” attributed to the term Algebra and the ideas around the term LEM are discussed. Two curricular documents are analyzed, taking into consideration algebraic concepts, processes and contents, under the focus of symbolic language. Some of the problems faced by students are elucidated, pinpointing the problematic matter around symbolic language. Aiming at illustrating such situations, reports by teachers are presented, in which they discuss the importance of Algebra and comment on the difficulties found by their students. At a following stage, upon fulfilling the research proposal, the XI Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática (11th National Mathematical Education Conference) – with the theme “Mathematical Education: Retrospects and Prospects” – is chosen as a source of analysis of intervention proposals which observe LEM methodology and high school algebraic contents. A sample of works obtained from the website of the event, composed of two research categories: Science Communications and Experience Reports, was examined. The research fits a qualitative approach, therefore, it is of a bibliographic nature. The sample selection and analysis allowed the identification of a variety of questions concerning the work with lab activities and high school Algebra, such as: the small number of studies found; the lack of diversification in terms of comprehending algebraic contents, focusing on the Functions subject; studies with repetitive development, some of them presenting the discussed content superficially; the lack of linkage between the use of concrete material and games and the discussed content, among others. In spite of that, the data analysis confirms that there is an approach between LEM and Algebra, allowing arguing in favor of LEM that: (i) the lab activities found promote the dominance of symbolic language, for they motivate the record in verbal language, promote verbal generalization as a starting point to symbolic generalization and they provide abstraction by means of experimental activities or abstraction by means of observation; (ii) the tendencies in Mathematical Education involved in the activities, for example, Mathematical Modeling and Problem Solving, as well as concrete resources and mathematical software, promote situations in which the notation used is close to formal mathematical notation; (iii) LEM contributes to overcome difficulties in high school Algebra, providing the tackling of deficiencies of previous schooling stages. Overall, the present work indicates two important main points for Mathematical Education: the acknowledgement of a linkage between LEM and Algebra, especially the presence of algebraic language in lab activities, and the fact that these activities are not properly recognized by teachers, concerning Algebra in high school, what infers the need to increase the participation of elementary school Mathematics teachers in the creation of teaching proposals in the field of Algebra.
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Palavras-chave
Álgebra, Linguagem algébrica, Proposta de intervenção, Laboratório de ensino de Matemática, Ensino médio, Algebra, Algebraic language, Intervention proposal, Math teaching Lab, High school