Relações entre ambiente sociomoral, desempenho escolar e perspectiva social em julgamento moral: análises em escolas públicas
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Data
2017-06-08
Autores
Silva, Claudiele Carla Marques da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta tese foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da FCT/UNESP. A pesquisa investigou as relações entre ambiente sociomoral e clima escolar de duas classes em diferentes escolas públicas: uma escola com bom desempenho escolar (escola A) e outra com baixo desempenho (Escola B), segundo notas obtidas no Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (IDESP). Nessas escolas, avaliou-se o ambiente sociomoral, clima escolar e o nível de perspectiva social em julgamento moral dos alunos. A amostra foi composta por alunos e professores de duas classes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Para avaliar o ambiente sociomoral, aplicamos um questionário sobre clima escolar e realizamos observações do cotidiano da escola. O nível de perspectiva social em julgamentos morais dos alunos foi avaliado por meio de nove histórias, em forma de situações-problema, que envolvem o valor justiça. As questões que orientaram a pesquisa foram: Em que medida o ambiente sociomoral da escola possibilita um melhor desempenho escolar dos alunos? Quais fatores do ambiente sociomoral poderiam favorecer esse bom desempenho escolar dos alunos? Alunos que apresentam um bom desempenho escolar, no sentido de boas notas escolares, têm também perspectiva social mais descentrada em seus julgamentos morais? O ambiente sociomoral da classe na escola A foi caracterizado como propenso à cooperação e na classe da escola B como tendência coercitiva, de acordo com os critérios utilizados na pesquisa. Na literatura nacional e internacional, estudos mostram que há relação positiva entre ambiente sociomoral da escola, especialmente o clima educativo, e o desempenho acadêmico dos alunos. Nesta pesquisa essa relação também foi confirmada, pois escola A se mostrou mais favorável à aprendizagem dos alunos ao disponibilizar um ambiente mais harmônico, com poucos casos de violência e de relações hostis, em que os profissionais demonstraram estar comprometidos com a educação dos alunos e tinham uma alta expectativa em relação à aprendizagem; as regras eram conhecidas por todos, os discentes podiam questionar sobre dúvidas em relação ao conteúdo e eram cobrados em relação aos estudos; havia a pessoalidade de tratamento. Os alunos demonstraram estar mais satisfeitos com a escola, com os colegas e com os profissionais em comparação aos alunos da escola B. Em contrapartida, na escola B, as normas e regras que regiam as relações não eram debatidas ou mesmo de conhecimento da maioria dos alunos; violência, incivilidade e indisciplina faziam parte do cotidiano dos alunos e eram tratados como “naturais”. Os conflitos eram erroneamente tratados, ou por serem ignorados ou por serem aplicadas sanções expiatórias, sem que fossem envolvidos processos como diálogo ou a busca pela reparação. As percepções dos alunos sobre ações de justiça da escola e do professor foram mais positivas na escola A quando comparada à escola B. No julgamento moral sobre as histórias sobre justiça constatamos que as crianças que convivem em um ambiente mais democrático/cooperativo (Escola A) tendem a dar mais respostas pró-valores em seus julgamentos, baseando-se nas normas sociais convencionais, em contratos coletivos, na necessidade do uso do diálogo para resolver conflitos ou em valores considerados universalizáveis. Na escola B, as respostas basearam-se em contravalor e pró-valor numa perspectiva individualista ou egocentrada ou centrada nas relações grupais e em normas sociais mais convencionais. Portanto, constatamos que um ambiente sociomoral cooperativo/democrático na escola influencia o desempenho acadêmico dos alunos e, também, seu desenvolvimento nas perspectivas sociais em que fazem julgamentos de justiça. Tornam-se necessários o aprofundamento de pesquisas na área e o investimento na formação dos professores para que possam compreender a importância dessa temática tanto para formação ética e moral dos alunos como para propiciar seu desempenho acadêmico.
This thesis was developed in the Graduate Program in Education of FCT / UNESP. The research investigated the relationships between sociomoral environment of two classes in different public schools: one school with a good record of performance (school A) and one with a poor record of performance (School B), according to the scores obtained in the Education Development Index of the State of São Paulo (IDESP). In these schools, the sociomoral environment and the level of social perspective in moral judgment of the students were evaluated. The sample was composed of students and teachers two classes the fifth year of elementary school. To evaluate the sociomoral environment, we applied a questionnaire on school climate and made observations the daily life of the school. The level of social perspective in students about moral judgments was evaluated through nine stories, in the form of problem situations, involving justice value. The questions that guided the research were: To what extent does the sociomoral environment of the school provide a better scholastic performance of the students? What factors of the sociomoral environment could improve this good school performance of the students? Do students who maintain a good school performance, in the sense of good school grades, also have a more decentralized social perspective in their moral judgments? The sociomoral environment of the class in school A was characterized as prone to cooperation and in class B as a coercive tendency (according to the criteria used in the research). In the national and international literature, studies show that there is a positive relationship between the sociomoral environment of the school, especially the educational climate, and the academic performance of the students. In this research, this relationship was also confirmed. School A was more favorable to student learning by providing a more harmonic environment, with few cases of violence and hostile relationships. The professionals showed commitment to the education of the students and had A high expectation regarding learning; The rules were known by all, the students could question teacher’s about doubts about the content and were instructed in relation to the studies; school A used personal treatment. The students were more satisfied with the school A, with their colleagues, and with the professionals compared to students in school B. In contrast, school B, rules and governing relations rules were not debated or unknown to most Students; Violence, incivility and indiscipline were part of the students' daily life and were treated as "natural." Conflicts were mistakenly dealt with either because they were ignored or because expiatory sanctions were applied without involving processes such as dialogue or the search for reparation. Students' perceptions of school and teacher justice were more positive in school A compared to school B. In moral judgment about justice stories we found that children living in a more democratic / cooperative environment (School A) tend to give more pro-values answers in their judgments, they tended to base themselves on conventional social norms, collective contracts, the need to use dialogue to resolve conflicts, or on values considered universalizable. At school B, the answers were based on countervalue and pro-value in an individualistic or egocentric perspective or centered on group relationships and more conventional social norms. Therefore, we found that a cooperative / democratic sociomoral environment in the school, influences students' academic performance, and also their development in social perspectives, where they make judgments about justice. It is necessary to deepen research in the area and invest in the training of teachers, so that they can understand the importance of this subject, both for ethical and moral formation of students, and to promote their academic performance.
This thesis was developed in the Graduate Program in Education of FCT / UNESP. The research investigated the relationships between sociomoral environment of two classes in different public schools: one school with a good record of performance (school A) and one with a poor record of performance (School B), according to the scores obtained in the Education Development Index of the State of São Paulo (IDESP). In these schools, the sociomoral environment and the level of social perspective in moral judgment of the students were evaluated. The sample was composed of students and teachers two classes the fifth year of elementary school. To evaluate the sociomoral environment, we applied a questionnaire on school climate and made observations the daily life of the school. The level of social perspective in students about moral judgments was evaluated through nine stories, in the form of problem situations, involving justice value. The questions that guided the research were: To what extent does the sociomoral environment of the school provide a better scholastic performance of the students? What factors of the sociomoral environment could improve this good school performance of the students? Do students who maintain a good school performance, in the sense of good school grades, also have a more decentralized social perspective in their moral judgments? The sociomoral environment of the class in school A was characterized as prone to cooperation and in class B as a coercive tendency (according to the criteria used in the research). In the national and international literature, studies show that there is a positive relationship between the sociomoral environment of the school, especially the educational climate, and the academic performance of the students. In this research, this relationship was also confirmed. School A was more favorable to student learning by providing a more harmonic environment, with few cases of violence and hostile relationships. The professionals showed commitment to the education of the students and had A high expectation regarding learning; The rules were known by all, the students could question teacher’s about doubts about the content and were instructed in relation to the studies; school A used personal treatment. The students were more satisfied with the school A, with their colleagues, and with the professionals compared to students in school B. In contrast, school B, rules and governing relations rules were not debated or unknown to most Students; Violence, incivility and indiscipline were part of the students' daily life and were treated as "natural." Conflicts were mistakenly dealt with either because they were ignored or because expiatory sanctions were applied without involving processes such as dialogue or the search for reparation. Students' perceptions of school and teacher justice were more positive in school A compared to school B. In moral judgment about justice stories we found that children living in a more democratic / cooperative environment (School A) tend to give more pro-values answers in their judgments, they tended to base themselves on conventional social norms, collective contracts, the need to use dialogue to resolve conflicts, or on values considered universalizable. At school B, the answers were based on countervalue and pro-value in an individualistic or egocentric perspective or centered on group relationships and more conventional social norms. Therefore, we found that a cooperative / democratic sociomoral environment in the school, influences students' academic performance, and also their development in social perspectives, where they make judgments about justice. It is necessary to deepen research in the area and invest in the training of teachers, so that they can understand the importance of this subject, both for ethical and moral formation of students, and to promote their academic performance.
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Palavras-chave
Ambiente sociomoral, Perspectiva social em julgamentos morais, Desempenho escolar, Sociomoral environment, Social perspective in moral judgments, School performance