Interações envolvendo frutos artificiais em áreas em processo de restauração
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Data
2017-12-15
Autores
Salzano, Ligia Pereira de Souza [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Áreas em restauração florestal são importantes campos experimentais para compreender o processo de sucessão ecológica, sendo que o contexto da paisagem de entorno e a presença de animais dispersores de sementes são fatores fundamentais para o equilíbrio dinâmico das mesmas. Durante a sucessão ecológica, as comunidades animais e vegetais passam por diversas alterações em suas estruturas. Para uma maior compreensão dessas mudanças, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a interação entre a fauna e os frutos artificiais em áreas em processo de restauração com diferentes idades, além de analisar se essa interação é influenciada pela cobertura vegetal na paisagem do entorno. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento com frutos artificiais em 11 áreas em processo de restauração com diferentes idades, e consequentemente, diferentes estágios sucessionais. Em cada área, foram selecionados 15 pontos e, em cada ponto, foram fixados 15 frutos artificiais vermelhos em arbustos ou árvores jovens. Os frutos ficaram expostos à fauna local e após 7 dias foram recolhidos e analisados visualmente em busca de sinais de interação. Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados à idade da área e à cobertura vegetal na paisagem de entorno em 5 escalas espaciais (250, 500, 1000, 1500 e 2000 metros) através de Modelos Lineares Generalizados. Os resultados indicaram que aves e insetos são os principais grupos interagindo com os frutos, sendo que a porcentagem de interação foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento da idade da área em processo de restauração. A quantidade de cobertura vegetal na escala de 1000 metros de raio apresentou maior influência na porcentagem total de interação (para aves, mamíferos e insetos). Já a interação entre insetos e os frutos artificiais diminuiu com o aumento da cobertura florestal nas maiores escalas (1000, 1500 e 2000 metros de raio). Esses resultados indicam que a idade da área de restauração e a quantidade de habitat na paisagem são importantes para a interação entre frutos e animais frugívoros. A importância relativa de cada um desses fatores depende do grupo considerado, sendo que aves e insetos foram os mais influenciados. Este estudo forneceu evidências das mudanças nas interações entre plantas e frugívoros de acordo com o avanço da sucessão florestal em áreas em processo de restauração florestal.
Forest restoration areas are important experimental fields to understand the process of ecological succession, and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape and the presence of animals that can disperse seeds are fundamental factors to the dynamic balance of them. During ecological succession, the animal and plant communities experience several changes in their structure. This study aims to verify the interaction between fauna and artificial fruits in restoration areas with different ages, besides analyses if this interactions are influenced by the vegetal cover in the surrounding landscape. Therefore, an experiment with artificial fruit was carried in 11 restoration areas with different ages, and consequently, different successional stages. In each area, 15 points were selected and, at each point, 15 red artificial fruits were fixed in shrubs or young trees. The fruits were exposed to the local fauna and after 7 days were collected and analyzed visually for signs of interaction. The data obtained were correlated to the age of the area and to the vegetation cover in the surrounding landscape in 5 spatial scales (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 meters) using Generalized Linear Models. The results indicated that birds and insects are the main groups interacting with fruits, and the percentage of interaction was inversely proportional to the increase on the age of the area under restoration. The amount of vegetation cover in the landscape of 1000 meter radius had a greater influence on the total percentage of interaction (for birds, mammals and insects). The interaction between insects and artificial fruits decreased with increasing forest cover and was influenced by the larger scales (1000, 1500 and 2000 meters radius). These results indicate that the age of the restoration (and consequent successional stage of the area) and the amount of habitat in the landscape are important for the interaction between fruits and frugivorous animals. The relative importance of each one of these factors depends on the group of frugivores considered, with birds and insects being the most influenced. This study provided evidence of changes in the interactions between plants and frugivores according to the progression of forest succession in areas on process of forest restoration.
Forest restoration areas are important experimental fields to understand the process of ecological succession, and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape and the presence of animals that can disperse seeds are fundamental factors to the dynamic balance of them. During ecological succession, the animal and plant communities experience several changes in their structure. This study aims to verify the interaction between fauna and artificial fruits in restoration areas with different ages, besides analyses if this interactions are influenced by the vegetal cover in the surrounding landscape. Therefore, an experiment with artificial fruit was carried in 11 restoration areas with different ages, and consequently, different successional stages. In each area, 15 points were selected and, at each point, 15 red artificial fruits were fixed in shrubs or young trees. The fruits were exposed to the local fauna and after 7 days were collected and analyzed visually for signs of interaction. The data obtained were correlated to the age of the area and to the vegetation cover in the surrounding landscape in 5 spatial scales (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 meters) using Generalized Linear Models. The results indicated that birds and insects are the main groups interacting with fruits, and the percentage of interaction was inversely proportional to the increase on the age of the area under restoration. The amount of vegetation cover in the landscape of 1000 meter radius had a greater influence on the total percentage of interaction (for birds, mammals and insects). The interaction between insects and artificial fruits decreased with increasing forest cover and was influenced by the larger scales (1000, 1500 and 2000 meters radius). These results indicate that the age of the restoration (and consequent successional stage of the area) and the amount of habitat in the landscape are important for the interaction between fruits and frugivorous animals. The relative importance of each one of these factors depends on the group of frugivores considered, with birds and insects being the most influenced. This study provided evidence of changes in the interactions between plants and frugivores according to the progression of forest succession in areas on process of forest restoration.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ecologia vegetal, Restauração florestal, Interações ecológicas, Frutos artificiais, Frugivoria, Forest restoration, Ecological interactions, Artificial fruits, Fugivory