Qualidade do solo em sistemas consorciados de milho, capim-marandu e feijão-guandu e sobressemeadura da aveia para pastejo de cordeiros
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Data
2017-12-20
Autores
Sereia, Rodrigo César
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O uso de Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuários (SIPA) contribui ativamente para aumentar e diversificar o aporte de material vegetal orgânico ao solo, importantes para suprir a demanda energética dos organismos presentes no sistema solo-planta. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a influência de diferentes SIPA sob Sistema de Semeadura Direta (SSD), na qualidade dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, na produção de silagem e de massa seca para cobertura do solo e no desenvolvimento de raízes. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos agrícolas (2013/14 e 2014/15) na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP) no município de Botucatu/SP em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: i) consórcio de milho×capim-marandu seguido de sobressemeadura de aveia a lanço (MB+ALA); ii) consórcio de milho×capim-marandu seguido de sobressemeadura de aveia em linha (MB+ALI); iii) consórcio de milho×capim-marandu×feijão-guandu seguido de sobressemeadura de aveia a lanço (MBG+ALA) e iv) consórcio de milho×capim-marandu×feijão-guandu seguido de sobressemeadura de aveia em linha (MBG+ALI). Foram realizadas coletas de solo e raiz nas camadas de 0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,1; 0,1-0,2; 0,2-0,4 m e de matéria vegetal, ambos ao longo do tempo de 2 anos de condução do experimento. O uso de sobressemadura de aveia a lanço com uso de gradagem niveladora para incorporação das sementes, após produção de silagem sob SIPA em SSD, aumentou a porosidade total (PT) e macroporosidade (MA) refletindo em melhoria na curva de retenção de água (CRA) e no índice S, aos 24 meses em todas as camadas avaliadas. As operações mecanizadas diminuíram o diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG), diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), percentagem de agregados maiores que 2,0 mm (AGR>2) e o índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA). O uso de feijão-guandu em cultivo consorciado com capim-marandu e milho para silagem sob SSD, aumentou a PT e MA e também refletiu em melhorias da CRA refletindo no aumento do índice S, semelhante aos sistemas que passaram pela gradagem para incorporação das sementes de aveia. A ação do pisoteio dos animais associado ao tráfego intensivo de máquinas em SIPA sob SPD, interferiram negativamente nos atributos físicos do solo, contudo, estas mudanças são atenuadas ao longo do tempo e não promoveram redução na produtividade das culturas. Menores quantidades de resíduos da colheita de silagem diminuíram a concentração de alguns nutrientes no solo, como o Ca, Mg, N e C, no entanto, sem atingir níveis críticos. O comprimento de raíz (CR) diminui nos SIPA que tiveram as melhores condições de PT, MA e CRA. O uso do feijão-guandu refletiu em aumento do diâmetro médio de raíz (DMR) no solo, principalmente devido ao ambiente mais favorável quanto aos atributos físicos do solo (PT, MA e CRA). Além disso menores teores de nutrientes no solo como o Ca reduziram também o DMR. O consórcio triplo milho×capim-marandu×fejão-guandu aumentou a produtividade de massa seca de silagem (MSS) e de massa seca residual de silagem (MSRS) em período de baixa disponibilidade hídrica (safra 2013/14). O uso do feijão-guandu em SIPA sob SSD é uma ferramenta importante para promover alterações positivas nas propriedades físico-hídricas do solo bem como aumentar a produtividade de silagem e dos resíduos vegetais no solo, importantes para sustentabilidade do SSD.
The use of Integrated Croplivestock System (ICS) actively contributes to increase and diversify the contribution of vegetable matter in the soil, important to supply the energy demand of the organisms being in the soil-plant system. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of different types of ICS under No-tillage System (NTS), on soil physical and chemical atributes quality, silage production and dry matter for soil cover and root development. The experiment was conducted during two agricultural years (2013/14 and 2014/15) in a Dystrophic Red Latosol, at Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA/UNESP) - Botucatu / SP. The experimental was randomized block design, with four treatments and four replications. The crop systems consisted of: i) maize intercropping×marandu grass followed by oat oversowing in line (MG+OLI); ii) maize intercropping×marandu grass followed by oat broadcast oversown (MG+OBO); (iv) maize intercropping×marandu grass×pigeon pea followed by oat oversowing in line (MGP+OLI); (iv) maize intercropping×marandu grass×pigeon pea, followed by oat broadcast oversown (MGP+OBO). Soil and root collections were performed in the layers of 0.0-0.05; 0.05-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.4 m and vegetable matter, both over the course of 2 years of conducting the experiment. The use of broadcast oversown with the leveling harrow for seed incorporation after silage production under ICS in NTS increased total porositi (TP) and macroporisit (MA) reflecting in improvement in water retention curve (WRC) and S index at 24 months in all evaluated layers. Mechanized operations decreased the geometric mean diameter (GMD), weighted average diameter (WAD), percentage of aggregates larger than 2.0 mm (AGR>2) and index of stability of aggregates (ASI). The use of pigeon pea intercropping with marandu grass and maize for silage under NTS increased TP and MA and also reflected in improvements of WRC reflecting in the increase of the S index similar to the systems that have undergone harrowing for incorporation of oats seeds. The trampling of animals associated with intensive traffic of machines on ICS under no-tillage system interfered negatively in the physical attributes of the soil, however, these changes are attenuated over time and did not promote a reduction in crop productivity. Lower amounts of residue from the silage harvest decreased the concentration of some nutrients in the soil, such as Ca, Mg, N and C, however, not reaching critical levels. The root length (RL) decreases in the ICS that had better conditions of TP, MA and WRC. The use of pigeon pea increased root mean diameter (RMD) on soil, mainly due to better conditions of soil physical attributes (TP, MA, and WRC). Moreover, lower levels of soil nutrients such as Ca also reduced RMD. The triple intercropping maize×marandu grass×pigeon pea increased of dry mass of silage (DMS) and residual dry mass of silage (DMSR) productivity in period of low water availability (crop year 2013/14). The use of pigeon pea in ICS under NTS is an important tool to promote positive changes in the physical and water properties of the soil as well as to increase the productivity of silage and soil-plant residues, relevant for NTS sustainability.
The use of Integrated Croplivestock System (ICS) actively contributes to increase and diversify the contribution of vegetable matter in the soil, important to supply the energy demand of the organisms being in the soil-plant system. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of different types of ICS under No-tillage System (NTS), on soil physical and chemical atributes quality, silage production and dry matter for soil cover and root development. The experiment was conducted during two agricultural years (2013/14 and 2014/15) in a Dystrophic Red Latosol, at Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA/UNESP) - Botucatu / SP. The experimental was randomized block design, with four treatments and four replications. The crop systems consisted of: i) maize intercropping×marandu grass followed by oat oversowing in line (MG+OLI); ii) maize intercropping×marandu grass followed by oat broadcast oversown (MG+OBO); (iv) maize intercropping×marandu grass×pigeon pea followed by oat oversowing in line (MGP+OLI); (iv) maize intercropping×marandu grass×pigeon pea, followed by oat broadcast oversown (MGP+OBO). Soil and root collections were performed in the layers of 0.0-0.05; 0.05-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.4 m and vegetable matter, both over the course of 2 years of conducting the experiment. The use of broadcast oversown with the leveling harrow for seed incorporation after silage production under ICS in NTS increased total porositi (TP) and macroporisit (MA) reflecting in improvement in water retention curve (WRC) and S index at 24 months in all evaluated layers. Mechanized operations decreased the geometric mean diameter (GMD), weighted average diameter (WAD), percentage of aggregates larger than 2.0 mm (AGR>2) and index of stability of aggregates (ASI). The use of pigeon pea intercropping with marandu grass and maize for silage under NTS increased TP and MA and also reflected in improvements of WRC reflecting in the increase of the S index similar to the systems that have undergone harrowing for incorporation of oats seeds. The trampling of animals associated with intensive traffic of machines on ICS under no-tillage system interfered negatively in the physical attributes of the soil, however, these changes are attenuated over time and did not promote a reduction in crop productivity. Lower amounts of residue from the silage harvest decreased the concentration of some nutrients in the soil, such as Ca, Mg, N and C, however, not reaching critical levels. The root length (RL) decreases in the ICS that had better conditions of TP, MA and WRC. The use of pigeon pea increased root mean diameter (RMD) on soil, mainly due to better conditions of soil physical attributes (TP, MA, and WRC). Moreover, lower levels of soil nutrients such as Ca also reduced RMD. The triple intercropping maize×marandu grass×pigeon pea increased of dry mass of silage (DMS) and residual dry mass of silage (DMSR) productivity in period of low water availability (crop year 2013/14). The use of pigeon pea in ICS under NTS is an important tool to promote positive changes in the physical and water properties of the soil as well as to increase the productivity of silage and soil-plant residues, relevant for NTS sustainability.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Qualidade do solo. Consórcio de culturas. Silagem. Zea mays L. Cajanus cajan. Urochloa brizantha. Avena strigosa., Soil quality. Intercropping. Silage. Zea mays L. Cajanus cajan. Urochloa brizantha. Avena strigosa.