Parâmetros biológicos de abelhas sem ferrão e protocolo para criação larval in vitro de Melipona scutellaris
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Data
2018-03-06
Autores
Dorigo, Adna Suelen [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O atual cenário de uso intensivo de agrotóxicos no Brasil em áreas agrícolas que ofertam flores atrativas a abelhas requer informações biológicas sobre abelhas sem ferrão brasileiras bem como o desenvolvimento de testes que possam ser utilizados para estudos de avaliação de risco de abelhas sem ferrão durante o estágio imaturo, a fim de que órgãos públicos responsáveis pela segurança ambiental façam uso para fins de cálculos em avaliações de risco. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: (i) apresentar dados biológicos de abelhas sem ferrão e (ii) desenvolver um protocolo de criação larval in vitro de Melipona scutellaris. Para tanto, (i) favos de cria e operárias adultas de M. scutellaris, Scaptotrigona postica e Tetragonisca angustula foram avaliados quanto ao alimento consumido por larvas (µL e mg) e por adultas (mg) e verificou-se também a massa corporal (mg) de operárias forrageiras e; (ii) propôs-se um método de criação larval de M. scutellaris, testando-se quatro vezes experimentos in vitro de maneira sequencial, avaliando-se parâmetros como taxa de defecação, pupação, emergência e mortalidade e morfometria de operárias recém emergidas. (i) Os valores médios, seguidos de seus desvios padrão, do (a) volume e da (b) massa de alimento larval por célula de cria, do (c) consumo diário de xarope e da (d) massa corporal individual por operária forrageira foram, nesta ordem, M. scutellaris: (a) 130.58 ± 0.52, (b) 158.04 ± 5.18, (c) 35.06 ± 9.15 e (d) 76.65 ± 2.9; S. postica: (a) 25 ± 1.14, (b) 32.5 ± 0.8, (c) 9.45 ± 2.41 e (d) 17.02 ± 0.35 e; T. angustula: (a) 5.6 ± 0.77, (b) 7.96 ± 1.03, (c) 7.23 ± 1.74 e (d) 4.1 ± 0.37. (ii) As taxas de emergência/larvas, de emergência/pupas e mortalidade/larvas foram, em média, de 80,2%, 92,61% e 7,42% nos bioensaios, respectivamente. As análises histológicas e morfométricas indicaram operárias emergidas in vitro com os parâmetros avaliados similares às in vivo. Os resultados fornecem subsídios essenciais para a caracterização dos riscos de exposição de abelhas sem ferrão a agrotóxicos. Os dados da quantidade de alimento consumido por larva e de xarope por operária forrageira e massa corporal de indivíduos adultos, combinados com informações sobre as concentrações destas substâncias em culturas agrícolas que ofertam flores atrativas para abelhas, poderão ser utilizadas para cálculos de risco. Somado a isso, o protocolo de criação in vitro desenvolvido apresentou uma taxa de emergência muito satisfatória, corroborando estudos prévios com outras espécies de abelhas sem ferrão, bem como produziu operárias recém emergidas com parâmetros semelhantes àquelas provenientes de condições naturais, possibilitando, dessa forma, sua utilização em testes de toxicidade.
The current scenario of intensive use of pesticides in Brazil on crops which offer attractive flowers to bees requires biological information about Brazilian native bees, as well as the development of tests which may be used for assessment risks studies on stingless bees during their immature phase, in order to public authorities responsible for environmental safety use them for calculations on risk assessments. Thus, the present study aimed: (i) to show biological data of stingless bees and (ii) to develop an in vitro larval rearing protocol of Melipona scutellaris. For this, (i) the food consumed by larvae (µL e mg) and by adults (mg) and the body mass (mg) of forager workers of M. scutellaris, Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca angustula were assessed and; (ii) it was developed a larval rearing protocol of M. scutellaris, testing four times sequentially the in vitro experiments, evaluating parameters as defecation rate, pupation, emergence, and mortality and morphometry of newly emerged workers. (i) The mean values, followed by standards deviation, of (a) volume and of (b) mass of larval food by brood cell, of (c) syrup daily consumption and of (d) individual body mass by forager worker were, in this sequence, M. scutellaris: (a) 130.58 ± 0.52, (b) 158.04 ± 5.18, (c) 35.06 ± 9.15 and (d) 76.65 ± 2.9; S. postica: (a) 25 ± 1.14, (b) 32.5 ± 0.8, (c) 9.45 ± 2.41 and (d) 17.02 ± 0.35 e; T. angustula: (a) 5.6 ± 0.77, (b) 7.96 ± 1.03, (c) 7.23 ± 1.74 and (d) 4.1 ± 0.37. (ii) The emergence/larva, emergence/pupa and mortality/larvae rates were an average of 80.2%, 92,61% e 7,42% on bioassays, respectively. The histological and morphometric analyzes indicated newly emerged workers in vitro with the patterns assessed similar to in vivo. The results provide essential subsidies for the characterization of the risks of exposure of stingless bees to pesticides. The amount of food consumed by larvae and syrup by forager workers and the body mass of adult individual’s data, combined with information about the concentrations of these substances on crops which offer attractive flowers for bees, may be used for risk calculations. In addition, the in vitro rearing protocol developed showed a satisfactory emergence rate, corroborating previous studies with other species of stingless bees, as well as produced newly emerged workers with similar patterns to those from natural conditions, allowing its use in toxicity tests.
The current scenario of intensive use of pesticides in Brazil on crops which offer attractive flowers to bees requires biological information about Brazilian native bees, as well as the development of tests which may be used for assessment risks studies on stingless bees during their immature phase, in order to public authorities responsible for environmental safety use them for calculations on risk assessments. Thus, the present study aimed: (i) to show biological data of stingless bees and (ii) to develop an in vitro larval rearing protocol of Melipona scutellaris. For this, (i) the food consumed by larvae (µL e mg) and by adults (mg) and the body mass (mg) of forager workers of M. scutellaris, Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca angustula were assessed and; (ii) it was developed a larval rearing protocol of M. scutellaris, testing four times sequentially the in vitro experiments, evaluating parameters as defecation rate, pupation, emergence, and mortality and morphometry of newly emerged workers. (i) The mean values, followed by standards deviation, of (a) volume and of (b) mass of larval food by brood cell, of (c) syrup daily consumption and of (d) individual body mass by forager worker were, in this sequence, M. scutellaris: (a) 130.58 ± 0.52, (b) 158.04 ± 5.18, (c) 35.06 ± 9.15 and (d) 76.65 ± 2.9; S. postica: (a) 25 ± 1.14, (b) 32.5 ± 0.8, (c) 9.45 ± 2.41 and (d) 17.02 ± 0.35 e; T. angustula: (a) 5.6 ± 0.77, (b) 7.96 ± 1.03, (c) 7.23 ± 1.74 and (d) 4.1 ± 0.37. (ii) The emergence/larva, emergence/pupa and mortality/larvae rates were an average of 80.2%, 92,61% e 7,42% on bioassays, respectively. The histological and morphometric analyzes indicated newly emerged workers in vitro with the patterns assessed similar to in vivo. The results provide essential subsidies for the characterization of the risks of exposure of stingless bees to pesticides. The amount of food consumed by larvae and syrup by forager workers and the body mass of adult individual’s data, combined with information about the concentrations of these substances on crops which offer attractive flowers for bees, may be used for risk calculations. In addition, the in vitro rearing protocol developed showed a satisfactory emergence rate, corroborating previous studies with other species of stingless bees, as well as produced newly emerged workers with similar patterns to those from natural conditions, allowing its use in toxicity tests.
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Palavras-chave
Agrotóxicos, Análise de risco, Método in vitro, Polinizadores, Agrochemicals, In vitro method, Risk analysis, Pollinators