Soldagem a laser Nd:YAG pulsado no aço superaustenítico AISI 904L
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2018-03-06
Autores
Andrade, Gabriel Giampietro de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A soldagem é um processo de fabricação utilizado em geral para união de peças e quando utiliza o laser como fonte de calor, denomina-se soldagem a laser. Um tipo bem conhecido é a soldagem a laser Nd:YAG pulsado, utilizado em diferentes tipos de materiais. Um dos materiais mais utilizados na engenharia é o aço inoxidável que possui alta resistência à corrosão, como por exemplo o aço AISI 904L, muito utilizado em tanques de armazenamento de ácido sulfúrico e fosfórico além de ampla aplicação na indústria petroquímica. Conduziu-se uma soldagem à laser Nd: YAG pulsado em chapas de aço inoxidável AISI 904L com espessura de 3 mm, variando-se quatro fatores tais como Potência de pico (PP) , Largura temporal (w), Frequência (F) e Velocidade de soldagem (S), todos eles distribuidos em três níveis de variação. Foi feito um Planejamento Experimental através do Método Taguchi, utilizando-se uma matriz ortogonal L9 e portanto realizando-se 9 experimentos em condições diferentes. A soldagem foi executada em atmosfera protetora com gás Argônio com fluxo de gás de 15 l/min, com deslocamento automatizado. A energia de cada pulso variou de 30 a 38,4J e a energia de soldagem entre 1,5 e 3,2 kJ/mm; as taxas de sobreposição variaram de 60 a 83%. As amostras foram preparadas para metalografia e atacadas com Ácido Oxálico 10% eletrolítico, com 6V e 7 segundos. Apesar da maioria das amostras romperem na Zona Fundida (ZF), a resistência mecânica ficou muito próxima do valor encontrado para o Metal Base (MB). Para o MB, ZT e ZF, os valores médios de microdureza obtidos foram 215, 242 e 238 HV respectivamente, indicando uma soldagem praticamente homogênea, em que a zona fundida apresentou em sua microestrutura apenas fase austenitica assim como o metal base, sendo possível observar alguns defeitos característicos de solidificação como bolhas e trincas. Foi feita uma análise pelo Método Taguchi utilizando os valores médio de resposta e razão sinal-ruído em gráficos complementada por ANOVA com teste de Fisher em que as respostas principais foram limite de escoamento, limite de resistência a tração, limite de ruptura e dureza, indicando os parâmetros ótimos para cada caso.
Welding is a manufacturing process used for joing parts and when a laser is utilized as a heat source, its called Laser Welding. A very known type is the pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Welding, that is used in many different kinds of materials. One of the most applied materials in engineering is the stainless steel that is highly corrosion resistant, for example the AISI 904L that is frequent used in sulfuric and phosphoric acid storage tanks, besides the petrochemical industry. Was carried out a pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding in AISI 904L stainless steel sheets with 3 mm of thickness, varying four factors such as Peak Power (PP), Time width (w), Frequency (F) and Welding Velocity (v), all of them distributed in three levels. A Design of Experiment was made through the Taguchi Method, using a L9 ortogonal array and therefore conducting nine experiments in different conditions. The welding was performed in argon gas flow of 15l/min, with automatic displacement. Pulse energy varied since 30 to 38,4J and welding energy from 1,5 to 3,2 kJ/mm; the overlay rates varied between 60 and 83%. Samples were prepared for metallography and etched with Oxalic Acid 10%, eletrolitic in 6v and 7 seconds. Although most of the samples broke in the Weld Zone (WZ), the mechanical resistance stayed very closer to the values found in Base Metal (BM). For BM, TZ and WZ, the mean values of hardness was 215, 242 and 238 HV respectively, pointing a homogeneous welding wherein the WZ presented only austenitic phase as well as the BM, being possible to observe some solidification characteristics defects as bubbles and cracks. An analysis was performed by the Taguchi Method ploting the main responses and the signal-noise ratio with the parameters, supported by an ANOVA with Fisher’s test in wich the main responses was the yield strength, tensile strength, fracture strength and hardness, indicating optimal parameters for each case.
Welding is a manufacturing process used for joing parts and when a laser is utilized as a heat source, its called Laser Welding. A very known type is the pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Welding, that is used in many different kinds of materials. One of the most applied materials in engineering is the stainless steel that is highly corrosion resistant, for example the AISI 904L that is frequent used in sulfuric and phosphoric acid storage tanks, besides the petrochemical industry. Was carried out a pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding in AISI 904L stainless steel sheets with 3 mm of thickness, varying four factors such as Peak Power (PP), Time width (w), Frequency (F) and Welding Velocity (v), all of them distributed in three levels. A Design of Experiment was made through the Taguchi Method, using a L9 ortogonal array and therefore conducting nine experiments in different conditions. The welding was performed in argon gas flow of 15l/min, with automatic displacement. Pulse energy varied since 30 to 38,4J and welding energy from 1,5 to 3,2 kJ/mm; the overlay rates varied between 60 and 83%. Samples were prepared for metallography and etched with Oxalic Acid 10%, eletrolitic in 6v and 7 seconds. Although most of the samples broke in the Weld Zone (WZ), the mechanical resistance stayed very closer to the values found in Base Metal (BM). For BM, TZ and WZ, the mean values of hardness was 215, 242 and 238 HV respectively, pointing a homogeneous welding wherein the WZ presented only austenitic phase as well as the BM, being possible to observe some solidification characteristics defects as bubbles and cracks. An analysis was performed by the Taguchi Method ploting the main responses and the signal-noise ratio with the parameters, supported by an ANOVA with Fisher’s test in wich the main responses was the yield strength, tensile strength, fracture strength and hardness, indicating optimal parameters for each case.
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Soldagem a laser, Nd:YAG pulsado, AISI 904L, Taguchi, ANOVA, Laser welding, Pulsed Nd:YAG