Cordas cósmicas girantes na gravitação de Brans-Dicke
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2018-02-23
Autores
Santos, Sérgio Mittmann dos
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A partir da teoria da gravitação de Brans-Dicke, são obtidas soluções exatas para as cordas cósmicas girantes. As soluções são para cordas retas, que preservam a simetria de Lorentz ao longo do eixo longitudinal de simetria, e para as não retas, com simetria aproximadamente cilíndrica e que violam a simetria de Lorentz. Essas soluções permitem verificar se os espaços-tempos das cordas são regulares ou apresentam singularidades. Além disso, a possibilidade de que as cordas sejam fontes de curvas tipo-tempo fechadas também é analisada. Exclusivamente para as cordas retas, é verificado se essas se mantiveram estáveis após as suas eventuais formações, e se uma escolha adequada para as constantes de integração das soluções impede a existência das curvas tipo-tempo fechadas. Desde a década de 1930, as observações mostram que as velocidades tangenciais das estrelas das galáxias têm um comportamento que contraria o que é previsto quando se considera somente a presença de matéria visível: à medida que as distâncias até os centros das galáxias aumentam, as velocidades também aumentam, até que começam a tender para valores aproximadamente constantes. A razão para esse fenômeno ainda está sob debate. Por enquanto, é justificado pela presença de matéria escura nos halos das galáxias, mas a própria matéria escura ainda não é bem entendida. Em 1980, para 21 galáxias do tipo Sc, as observações mostraram que esse crescimento das velocidades até atingirem os valores constantes ocorre quando as distâncias crescem por 2 a 3 ordens de grandeza. Com as soluções da teoria de Brans-Dicke para as cordas não retas, é proposto um espaço-tempo com a mesma simetria aproximadamente cilíndrica, que descreve adequadamente esse comportamento nas velocidades das estrelas daquelas 21 galáxias
From the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation, exact solutions are obtained for the spinning cosmic strings. The solutions are for straight strings, which preserve the Lorentz symmetry along the longitudinal axis of symmetry, and for the non-straight strings, with nearly cylindrical symmetry and which violate the Lorentz symmetry. These solutions allow us to verify if the spacetimes of the strings are regular or have singularities. In addition, the possibility that the strings are sources of closed timelike curves is also analyzed. Only for the straight strings, it is verified if these have remained stable after their eventual formations, and if a suitable choice for the integration constants of the solutions prevents the existence of the closed timelike curves. Since the 1930s, observations have shown that the tangential velocities of galaxies’ stars have a behavior that goes against what is predicted when considering only the presence of visible matter: as distances to the centers of galaxies increase, velocities also increase until they begin to tend to approximately constant values. The reason for this phenomenon is still under discussion. For now, it is justified by the presence of dark matter in the halos of galaxies, but the dark matter itself is still not well understood. In 1980, for 21 Sc-type galaxies, observations showed that such velocities growth until reaching constant values occurs when distances grow by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. With the solutions of the Brans-Dicke theory for the non-straight strings, a spacetime with the same nearly cylindrical symmetry is proposed, which adequately describes this behavior in the velocities of the stars of those 21 galaxies
From the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation, exact solutions are obtained for the spinning cosmic strings. The solutions are for straight strings, which preserve the Lorentz symmetry along the longitudinal axis of symmetry, and for the non-straight strings, with nearly cylindrical symmetry and which violate the Lorentz symmetry. These solutions allow us to verify if the spacetimes of the strings are regular or have singularities. In addition, the possibility that the strings are sources of closed timelike curves is also analyzed. Only for the straight strings, it is verified if these have remained stable after their eventual formations, and if a suitable choice for the integration constants of the solutions prevents the existence of the closed timelike curves. Since the 1930s, observations have shown that the tangential velocities of galaxies’ stars have a behavior that goes against what is predicted when considering only the presence of visible matter: as distances to the centers of galaxies increase, velocities also increase until they begin to tend to approximately constant values. The reason for this phenomenon is still under discussion. For now, it is justified by the presence of dark matter in the halos of galaxies, but the dark matter itself is still not well understood. In 1980, for 21 Sc-type galaxies, observations showed that such velocities growth until reaching constant values occurs when distances grow by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. With the solutions of the Brans-Dicke theory for the non-straight strings, a spacetime with the same nearly cylindrical symmetry is proposed, which adequately describes this behavior in the velocities of the stars of those 21 galaxies
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Cordas cósmicas girantes, Gravitação de Brans-Dicke, Curvas de rotação de galáxias, Spinning cosmic strings, Brans-Dicke gravitation, Rotational curves of galaxies, Gravitação, Galáxias, Estrelas