Estudo da caracterização inflamatória e genotóxica em indivíduos expostos a alisantes capilares contendo formaldeído
Data
2018-02-26
Autores
Barbosa, Luana Aparecida
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O formaldeído (FA) é um composto químico produzido mundialmente e economicamente importante devido às suas diversas utilizações comerciais e industriais. A exposição ocupacional ao FA ocorre em uma variedade de profissões, incluindo cabelereiros. No Brasil, a utilização e/ou a adição de FA à alisantes capilares é proibido pela ANVISA, entretanto vem sendo uma prática comum, pois mesmo não apresentando FA em sua composição, esses produtos contêm outras substâncias que durante o procedimento de alisamento, promove a liberação de FA, em forma de vapor, expondo epiderme, mucosas e, principalmente vias respiratórias. O FA é tóxico para o homem, podendo levar a diversas manifestações sistêmicas em diferentes graus, tanto em indivíduos expostos esporadicamente, a exemplo dos usuários dos alisantes capilares, quanto para profissionais frequentemente expostos, sendo este risco proporcional à concentração do FA e frequência de exposição. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado diversas alterações em indivíduos expostos ao FA comparados àqueles não expostos como: elevação dos níveis de ácido fórmico na urina (produto final da metabolização do FA), dano de DNA (presença de micronúcleos e fragmentação de DNA), influência em células do sistema imunológico (natural killer, linfócitos T e B), diminuição nos níveis de glutationa (enzima envolvida na metabolização de FA), entre outros. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se ocorre desequilíbrio no padrão de citocinas pró/anti-inflamatórias (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α e IL-12p70), quimiocinas séricas (ILP-10, MCP-1, MIG, RANTES), analisar marcadores de genotoxicidade (dano de DNA e mutações no receptor TCR) em indivíduos expostos crônica (n=21) ou esporadicamente ao FA (n=14), comparando com indivíduos que nunca utilizaram alisantes (n=10). Dos produtos prontos para uso que foram testados (n=10), 90% continham concentrações de FA acima do estabelecido pela legislação. Dos 21 cabeleireiros abordados, 18 (86%) afirmaram ter conhecimento sobre a presença de FA em seus produtos e 3 (14%) desconheciam essa informação. Em relação as medidas de segurança, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) e proteção coletiva (EPCs): constatou-se que 86% dos profissionais fazem uso de luvas durante os procedimentos de alisamentos capilares; apenas 38% utilizam algum tipo de máscara de proteção, sendo mais utilizado o modelo de TNT simples, o qual não oferece nenhum nível de proteção para produtos químicos voláteis. Quanto aos sintomas, a irritação foi o sintoma mais frequente entre os profissionais cabeleireiros, sendo as irritações ocular, nasal e bucal as que mais se destacaram. Também foram relatados: lacrimejamento, enxaqueca, processos alérgicos, coceira e náusea. No grupo esporádico os sintomas de irritação e lacrimejamento também foram frequentes. Das citocinas pró/anti-inflamatórias e quimiocinas avaliadas na circulação observou-se tendência ao aumento em IL-8, tanto nos indivíduos expostos esporadicamente quanto aos expostos cronicamente comparados com o grupo controle, demonstrando associação positiva quanto a dose de exposição. Quanto a expressão da proteína H2AX, observou-se diferença significativa no grupo de exposição crônica comparado ao grupo controle (p= 0,0414),, sugerindo que a exposição a FA leva ao aumento do dano de DNA. Observou-se também aumento da apoptose de linfócitos periféricos nos indivíduos expostos esporadicamente no momento pós-exposição comparando com momento pré-exposição (p= 0,0313), o que nos leva a inferir que a exposição aguda leva ao aumento da renovação celular desses indivíduos. Quanto à mutação do TCR, observou-se diferença significativa no grupo de exposição crônica comparado ao grupo controle (p= 0,0430), possivelmente a exposição crônica ao FA sobrecarrega as vias de reparo celular e promove o surgimento de mutações, podendo em última instância levar ao câncer. Este trabalho permitiu-nos concluir que são necessárias orientações para implementações de práticas mais seguras nos salões de beleza. Tanto os profissionais quanto os usuários precisam ter informação quanto os riscos da exposição ao FA, de modo que façam uso de equipamentos de proteção que efetivamente tragam maior segurança a estas populações. São necessárias medidas de sensibilização dos órgãos competentes sobre a necessidade de fiscalização de produtos cosméticos contendo formaldeído em concentrações acima dos limites preconizados pela legislação brasileira.
Formaldehyde (FA) is an economically relevant chemical compound worldwide due to its various commercial and industrial applications. Occupational exposure to FA occurs in a variety of professions, including hair slytlist. In Brazil, the use and / or addition of FA to capillary straighteners is prohibited by ANVISA; however, it has been a common practice, since even without FA in its composition, these products contain other substances that during the straigntening procedure, promote release of FA, in the form of vapor, exposing epidermis, mucous membranes and mainly respiratory airways. FA is toxic to humans and can lead to different systemic manifestations to different degrees, both in individuals exposed sporadically, as in the case of users of hair straighteners, and for professionals who are frequently exposed, being this risk proportional to the concentration of FA and frequency of exposure. Previous studies have demonstrated several alterations in individuals exposed to FA compared to those not exposed such as: elevation of formic acid levels in urine (end product of FA metabolism), DNA damage (presence of micronucleus and DNA fragmentation), influence on cells of the immune system (natural killer, T and B lymphocytes), decrease in glutathione levels (enzyme involved in the metabolism of FA), among others. The aim of this is study was evaluate the imbalance in the pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70), serum chemokines (ILP- (DNA damage and TCR receptor mutations) in chronic exposed subjects (n = 21) or sporadically at AF (n = 14), compared with healthy individuals who had never used straightener agents (MCP-1, MIG, RANTES) (n = 10). The ready-to-use products that were tested (n = 10), 90% contained AF concentrations above that established by legislation. The 21 hair stylist approached, 18 (86%) reported having knowledge about the presence of AF in their products and 3 (14%) did not know this information. About the safety measures, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and collective protection (EPCs): it was found that 86% of professionals wear gloves during capillary straightening procedures; only 38% use some type of protection mask, with more being used the simple TNT model, which does not offer any level of protection for volatile chemicals products. About the symptoms, irritation was the most frequent symptom among hair stylist, with eye, nasal and buccal irritations being the most prominent. Tearing, migraine, allergic processes, itching and nausea have also been reported. In the sporadic group, the symptoms of irritation and tearing were also frequent. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines evaluated in the circulation have demonstrated a tendency to increase of IL-8, both in individuals exposed sporadically and those exposed chronically compared to the control group, demonstrating a positive association with the exposure dose. In the expression of H2AX protein, a significant difference was observed in the chronic exposure group compared to the control group (p = 0.0414), suggesting that exposure to FA leads to increased DNA damage. It was also observed an increase in the apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes in individuals exposed sporadically at the post-exposure moment comparing with pre-exposure (p = 0.0313), which leads us to infer that acute exposure leads to increased cellular renewal of these individuals. About the TCR mutation, a significant difference was observed in the chronic exposure group compared to the control group (p = 0.0430), possibly the chronic exposure to FA overload the cell repair pathways and promotes the appearance of mutations, instance lead to cancer. This work concludes that guidelines are needed for safer practices in salons. Both professionals and users need to have information about the risks of exposure to AF, so that they use protective equipment that effectively brings greater safety to these populations. Measures are needed to raise the awareness of the the government about the need to inspect cosmetic products containing formaldehyde in concentrations above the limits recommended by Brazilian legislation.
Formaldehyde (FA) is an economically relevant chemical compound worldwide due to its various commercial and industrial applications. Occupational exposure to FA occurs in a variety of professions, including hair slytlist. In Brazil, the use and / or addition of FA to capillary straighteners is prohibited by ANVISA; however, it has been a common practice, since even without FA in its composition, these products contain other substances that during the straigntening procedure, promote release of FA, in the form of vapor, exposing epidermis, mucous membranes and mainly respiratory airways. FA is toxic to humans and can lead to different systemic manifestations to different degrees, both in individuals exposed sporadically, as in the case of users of hair straighteners, and for professionals who are frequently exposed, being this risk proportional to the concentration of FA and frequency of exposure. Previous studies have demonstrated several alterations in individuals exposed to FA compared to those not exposed such as: elevation of formic acid levels in urine (end product of FA metabolism), DNA damage (presence of micronucleus and DNA fragmentation), influence on cells of the immune system (natural killer, T and B lymphocytes), decrease in glutathione levels (enzyme involved in the metabolism of FA), among others. The aim of this is study was evaluate the imbalance in the pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70), serum chemokines (ILP- (DNA damage and TCR receptor mutations) in chronic exposed subjects (n = 21) or sporadically at AF (n = 14), compared with healthy individuals who had never used straightener agents (MCP-1, MIG, RANTES) (n = 10). The ready-to-use products that were tested (n = 10), 90% contained AF concentrations above that established by legislation. The 21 hair stylist approached, 18 (86%) reported having knowledge about the presence of AF in their products and 3 (14%) did not know this information. About the safety measures, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and collective protection (EPCs): it was found that 86% of professionals wear gloves during capillary straightening procedures; only 38% use some type of protection mask, with more being used the simple TNT model, which does not offer any level of protection for volatile chemicals products. About the symptoms, irritation was the most frequent symptom among hair stylist, with eye, nasal and buccal irritations being the most prominent. Tearing, migraine, allergic processes, itching and nausea have also been reported. In the sporadic group, the symptoms of irritation and tearing were also frequent. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines evaluated in the circulation have demonstrated a tendency to increase of IL-8, both in individuals exposed sporadically and those exposed chronically compared to the control group, demonstrating a positive association with the exposure dose. In the expression of H2AX protein, a significant difference was observed in the chronic exposure group compared to the control group (p = 0.0414), suggesting that exposure to FA leads to increased DNA damage. It was also observed an increase in the apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes in individuals exposed sporadically at the post-exposure moment comparing with pre-exposure (p = 0.0313), which leads us to infer that acute exposure leads to increased cellular renewal of these individuals. About the TCR mutation, a significant difference was observed in the chronic exposure group compared to the control group (p = 0.0430), possibly the chronic exposure to FA overload the cell repair pathways and promotes the appearance of mutations, instance lead to cancer. This work concludes that guidelines are needed for safer practices in salons. Both professionals and users need to have information about the risks of exposure to AF, so that they use protective equipment that effectively brings greater safety to these populations. Measures are needed to raise the awareness of the the government about the need to inspect cosmetic products containing formaldehyde in concentrations above the limits recommended by Brazilian legislation.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
alisantes capilar, citocinas, exposição ocupacional, formaldeído, genotoxicidade, capillary straightener, cytokines, occupational exposure, formaldehyde, genotoxicity