Combinações de fósforo mineral e composto orgânico granulado no sitema milho/soja/milho
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Data
2018-03-05
Autores
Pereira, Júlio Cesar dos Reis
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Solos localizados em regiões de clima tropical apresentam, predominantemente, teores baixos de fósforo disponível (P), em função da sua mineralogia que tem alta capacidade de ser fixado por oxihidróxidos de Fe e Al. Portanto, é necessário o aporte de P nos sistemas de produção, além de estudos voltados para manutenção, ou aumento da disponibilidade do nutriente nestes solos. As tecnologias visando a utilização de fontes minerais de P, combinadas à fertilizantes orgânicos compostos, oriundos de resíduos agroindustriais, torna-se uma alternativa aos sistemas produtivos em condição de clima tropical. Neste trabalho objetivou-se, verificar o efeito da aplicação fertilizante superfosfato triplo (SFT), aplicado no sulco de semeadura, combinado ao fertilizante composto orgânico (FOC) granulado, com a seguinte composição: N total (15 g kg-1); P2O5 total (25 g kg-1); K2O (10 g kg-1); Ca (40 g kg-1); Mg (10 g kg-1); M.O. (400 g kg-1); CTC (450 mmolc dm-3); carbono orgânico (150 g kg-1); pH CaCl2 (7,0) e umidade (30 g kg-1) na base seca (65ºC), aplicado no sulco de semeadura, ou a lanço em área total, na cultura do milho, safra 2012/13, avaliou-se também o seu efeito na sucessão milho/soja/milho. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: SFT nas doses de 0; 37,5; 75; 112,5 e 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 combinadas ao FOC granulado nas doses de 6,0; 4,5; 3,0; 1,5; Mg ha-1, respectivamente, mais o tratamento controle, avaliando seu efeito residual na sucessão da soja, safra 2013/14, aplicou-se a dose de 45 kg ha-1 de P2O5 do SFT e ausente no controle, no milho segunda safra 2014, aplicou-se 60 kg de P2O5 ha-1 do SFT, mais o tratamento controle. Foram avaliadas as concentrações foliares, os atributos químicos do solo, componentes morfológicos, e produtividades de grãos no sistema (milho/soja/milho). Conclui-se que as combinações do SFT ao FOC alteraram positivamente as concentrações foliares de Ca, B, Fe e Mn, e o teores de P e m % no solo, os componentes vegetativos e produtividades de grãos de milho primeira safra. Na soja, as concentrações foliares de N, P e Mn, foram maiores, já a produtividade de grãos na soja, não respondeu ao efeito residual, porém houve aumento dos teores de P no solo, em função do efeito residual das combinações do SFT ao FOC. No milho segunda safra, os teores de P, M.O. e m % no solo foram afetados pelos efeitos residuais. As maiores produtividades no sistema milho/soja/milho, foram obtidas pelo efeito residual das adubações, nas doses de 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 do SFT + 6 Mg ha-1 do FOC aplicado na linha, ou em área total, promoveu incremento na ordem de 50 % e 49 % na produtividade kg ha-1 de grãos, em relação ao tratamento controle. O SFT na dose de 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 promoveu incrementos de 47 % nas produtividades de grãos, no sistema milho/soja/milho. A adubação combinada na dose de 112 kg ha-1 de P2O5 do SFT + 1,5 Mg ha-1 do FOC aplicado em na linha, ou em área total, teve incrementos de 47 % nas produtividades de grãos, no sistema milho/soja/milho.
Soils located in tropical climate regions present, predominantly, low available phosphorus content (P), depending on their facility to be fixed by Oxyhydroxide de Fe and Al. Therefore, it is necessary P input on soil to contribute to the production systems, in addition to studies for maintenance, or increase availability of the nutrient in these soils. Technologies aiming the use of P mineral sources, combined with organic fertilizers, originating from agro residues, become an alternative to production systems in tropical climate conditions. In this sense, it was intended, with this work, to evaluate the triple superphosphate fertilizer (SFT), applied at sowing furrow, combined to the granulated organic compound fertilizer (FOC), with the following composition: N (15 g kg-1); P205 (25 g kg-1); K20 (10 g kg-1); Ca (40 g kg-1); Mg (10 g kg-1); M. O. (400 g kg-1); CTC (450 mmolc dry matter (DM = 400 g kg-3); Organic carbon (150 g kg-1); pH CaCl2 (7.0) and humidity (30 g kg-1) on dry base (65ºC), applied in the furrow at sowing, or spread in total area, in corn crop, harvest 2012/13, aiming to evaluate also its effect on the succession of maize/soybean/maize. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The treatments were: SFT in the doses of 0; 37.5; 75; 112 and 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 combined with granulated FOC in doses of 6.0; 4.5; 3.0; 1.5; 0 Mg ha-1, respectively, evaluating its residual effect in the soybean succession, harvest 2013/14, on a single dose of 45 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (SFT) plus the control, in corn, second crop 2014, using 60 kg of P2O5 ha-1 (SFT), plus the treatment control. Foliar concentrations, soil nutritional levels, vegetative, productive components and corn/soybean/corn grain productivity were evaluated. It is concluded that the combinations of SFT and FOC positively altered the foliar concentrations of Ca, B, Fe, Mn, and the levels of P and Al saturation in the soil, as well as the vegetative components and grain yield in the first corn crop. In soybean the foliar concentrations of N, P and Mn were positively affected as well as grain productivity. On the soil P-levels also increased with the combination SFT and FOC. In corn, second harvest, there was a positive effect of P, M.O. and Al saturation in soil were positively affected. The vegetative components, as well as the grain yield, second crop, did not vary with the mode of FOC application. The highest yield in the corn /soybean / corn system was obtained by doses of 150 kg ha-1 of PFT + 6 Mg ha-1 of the FOC applied in the line, or in the total area, which promoted increase in the order of 50% and 49% , respectively, in relation to the control treatment. The SFT in the dose of 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 promoted increases of 47% in grain yield in the corn / soybean / corn system. The fertilization combined in the dose of 112 kg ha-1 of P2O5 of the SFT + 1.5 Mg ha-1 of the FOC applied in the line, or in the total area, increased 47% in grain yield in the corn / soybean /corn system.
Soils located in tropical climate regions present, predominantly, low available phosphorus content (P), depending on their facility to be fixed by Oxyhydroxide de Fe and Al. Therefore, it is necessary P input on soil to contribute to the production systems, in addition to studies for maintenance, or increase availability of the nutrient in these soils. Technologies aiming the use of P mineral sources, combined with organic fertilizers, originating from agro residues, become an alternative to production systems in tropical climate conditions. In this sense, it was intended, with this work, to evaluate the triple superphosphate fertilizer (SFT), applied at sowing furrow, combined to the granulated organic compound fertilizer (FOC), with the following composition: N (15 g kg-1); P205 (25 g kg-1); K20 (10 g kg-1); Ca (40 g kg-1); Mg (10 g kg-1); M. O. (400 g kg-1); CTC (450 mmolc dry matter (DM = 400 g kg-3); Organic carbon (150 g kg-1); pH CaCl2 (7.0) and humidity (30 g kg-1) on dry base (65ºC), applied in the furrow at sowing, or spread in total area, in corn crop, harvest 2012/13, aiming to evaluate also its effect on the succession of maize/soybean/maize. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The treatments were: SFT in the doses of 0; 37.5; 75; 112 and 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 combined with granulated FOC in doses of 6.0; 4.5; 3.0; 1.5; 0 Mg ha-1, respectively, evaluating its residual effect in the soybean succession, harvest 2013/14, on a single dose of 45 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (SFT) plus the control, in corn, second crop 2014, using 60 kg of P2O5 ha-1 (SFT), plus the treatment control. Foliar concentrations, soil nutritional levels, vegetative, productive components and corn/soybean/corn grain productivity were evaluated. It is concluded that the combinations of SFT and FOC positively altered the foliar concentrations of Ca, B, Fe, Mn, and the levels of P and Al saturation in the soil, as well as the vegetative components and grain yield in the first corn crop. In soybean the foliar concentrations of N, P and Mn were positively affected as well as grain productivity. On the soil P-levels also increased with the combination SFT and FOC. In corn, second harvest, there was a positive effect of P, M.O. and Al saturation in soil were positively affected. The vegetative components, as well as the grain yield, second crop, did not vary with the mode of FOC application. The highest yield in the corn /soybean / corn system was obtained by doses of 150 kg ha-1 of PFT + 6 Mg ha-1 of the FOC applied in the line, or in the total area, which promoted increase in the order of 50% and 49% , respectively, in relation to the control treatment. The SFT in the dose of 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 promoted increases of 47% in grain yield in the corn / soybean / corn system. The fertilization combined in the dose of 112 kg ha-1 of P2O5 of the SFT + 1.5 Mg ha-1 of the FOC applied in the line, or in the total area, increased 47% in grain yield in the corn / soybean /corn system.
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Palavras-chave
Zea mays L., Glycine max L., Adubação fosfatada, Efeito residual, Phosphate fertilization, Residual effect