Physicochemical and biological properties of Biodentine associated with radiopacifiers
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Data
2018-03-29
Autores
Ochoa Rodríguez, Victor Manuel [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
BiodentineTM (BD) apresenta bioatividade, biocompatibilidade e propriedades físico-químicas adequadas; no entanto, não possui radiopacidade adequada. Os objetivos foram avaliar (1) a radiopacidade de BD e BD associado com 15% de tungstato de cálcio (BDCaWO4) ou óxido de zircônio (BDZrO2), empregando sistemas de radiografia convencional e digital; e (2) as propriedades físico-químicas de tempo de presa, pH e solubilidade, e as propriedades biológicas de citocompatibilidade e potencial para induzir mineralização desses cimentos. Para a avaliação da radiopacidade, cada corpo de prova foi radiografado ao lado de uma escada de alumínio usando filme oclusal, placa de fósforo ou sensores digitais. As radiografias convencionais foram digitalizadas por câmera fotográfica ou scanner. Os valores médios de cinza dos materiais foram expressos em milímetros de alumínio (mm Al). A solubilidade foi avaliada após 7 dias de imersão dos espécimes em água destilada e expressa em percentagem de perda de massa. O tempo de presa foi avaliado empregando a agulha de Gillmore (105 ± 0,5 g) e o pH foi mensurado com um medidor de pH. A citocompatibilidade e a bioatividade celular foram avaliadas em células de linhagem osteoblástica (Saos-2) utilizando os ensaios de metiltetrazólio (MTT), vermelho neutro (NR), atividade de fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e coloração de vermelho de alizarina. Os dados foram avaliados utilizando ANOVA de um fator e pós-teste Tukey ou ANOVA de dois fatores e pós-teste de Bonferroni (α=0,05). A radiopacidade do BD foi inferior a 3 mm Al e do BDZrO2 e BDCaWO4 foi acima de 3 mm Al em todos os sistemas de radiografia utilizados. A solubilidade foi de 2,28% para BD, 2,27% para BDZrO2 (p>0,05) e 3,63% para BDCaWO4 (p<0,05). O tempo de presa foi de 27,5 min para BD, 33,5 minutos para BD ZrO2 e 30 minutos para BDCaWO4. Os ensaios MTT e NR revelaram que os extratos de cimentos, nas diluições 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 8 e 1:12, apresentaram citocompatibilidade maior (p<0,05) ou similar (p>0,05) ao grupo controle (meio de cultura). A atividade de ALP nos grupos dos cimentos foi semelhante (p>0,05) ou maior (p<0,05) que o grupo controle aos 1, 3 e 7 dias. Aos 7 dias, a maior atividade de ALP foi detectada para o grupo BD seguido de BDZrO2 (p<0,05) e do BDCaWO4 (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre BDCaWO4 e grupo controle (p>0,05). Todos os materiais induziram maior produção de nódulos mineralizados que grupo controle (p<0,05) sem diferença significativa entre eles. Em conclusão, a radiopacidade de BD foi inferior a 3 mm de Al em todos os sistemas radiográficos, e a adição de 15% de ZrO2 ou CaWO4 foi suficiente para aumentar a radiopacidade de BD para valores maiores que o mínimo recomendado pelo ISO 6876 (>3mm Al). BD associado a radiopacificadores mostrou propriedades adequadas do tempo de presa, pH e solubilidade, exceto BDCaWO4, que apresentou maior solubilidade que BD e BDZrO2. Todos os cimentos apresentaram citocompatibilidade e potencial de induzir mineralização em células Saos-2. Os resultados sugerem que a adição de 15% de ZrO2 pode ser uma boa opção para aumentar a radiopacidade do BD sem alterar suas propriedades físico-químicas e biológicas.
BiodentineTM (BD) presents bioactivity, biocompatibility and suitable physicochemical properties; however, it does not have adequate radiopacity. The objectives were to evaluate (1) the radiopacity of BD and BD associated with 15% calcium tungstate (BDCaWO4) or zirconium oxide (BDZrO2), employing conventional and digital radiography systems; and (2) the physicochemical properties of setting time, pH and solubility, and biological properties of cytocompatibility and potential to induce mineralization of these cements. For radiopacity evaluation, each cement specimen was radiographed alongside an aluminum step-wedge using occlusal film, photostimulable phosphor plates or digital sensors. The conventional radiographies were digitized by digital photographic camera or scanner. Mean grey values of materials were expressed in millimeters of aluminum (mm Al). Solubility was evaluated after 7 days of specimens’ immersion in distilled water and expressed as percentage of mass loss. Setting time was evaluated employing a Gillmore needle (105 ± 0.5 g) and pH was evaluated with pH meter. The cytocompatibility and cell bioactivity were evaluated in osteoblasts-like cells (Saos-2) using methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red (NR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining assays. The data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test or two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test (α=0.05). BD radiopacity was below 3 mm Al and BDZrO2 and BDCaWO4 was above 3 mm Al in all radiography systems used. Solubility was 2.28% for BD, 2.27% for BDZrO2 (p>0.05) and 3.63% for BDCaWO4 (p<0.05). All cements showed alkaline pH with no statistical difference between them (p>0.05). The setting time was 27.5 min. for BD, 33.5 min. for BDZrO2 and 30 min. for BDCaWO4. MTT and NR assays revealed that cements extract at dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:12 had greater (p<0.05) or similar (p>0.05) cytocompatibility in comparison to control group (culture medium). The ALP activity of cements groups at 1, 3 and 7 days was similar (p>0.05) or greater (p<0.05) than the control group. At 7 days, the highest ALP activity was detected for BD group followed by BDZrO2 (p<0.05) and BDCaWO4 group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between BDCaWO4 and control group (p>0.05). All materials induced greater production of mineralized nodules than control group (p<0.05) without significant difference among them. In conclusion, BD radiopacity was below 3 mm Al in all radiography systems, and addition of 15% ZrO2 or CaWO4 was sufficient to increase the radiopacity of BD to values greater than the minimum recommended by ISO 6876 (> 3mm Al). BD associated with radiopacifiers showed suitable properties of setting time, pH and solubility, except BDCaWO4, which exhibit a higher solubility than BD and BDZrO2. All cements had cytocompatibility and potential to induce mineralization in Saos-2 cells. The results suggest that the addition of 15% ZrO2 may be a good option to increase the radiopacity of BD without altering its physicochemical and biological properties.
BiodentineTM (BD) presents bioactivity, biocompatibility and suitable physicochemical properties; however, it does not have adequate radiopacity. The objectives were to evaluate (1) the radiopacity of BD and BD associated with 15% calcium tungstate (BDCaWO4) or zirconium oxide (BDZrO2), employing conventional and digital radiography systems; and (2) the physicochemical properties of setting time, pH and solubility, and biological properties of cytocompatibility and potential to induce mineralization of these cements. For radiopacity evaluation, each cement specimen was radiographed alongside an aluminum step-wedge using occlusal film, photostimulable phosphor plates or digital sensors. The conventional radiographies were digitized by digital photographic camera or scanner. Mean grey values of materials were expressed in millimeters of aluminum (mm Al). Solubility was evaluated after 7 days of specimens’ immersion in distilled water and expressed as percentage of mass loss. Setting time was evaluated employing a Gillmore needle (105 ± 0.5 g) and pH was evaluated with pH meter. The cytocompatibility and cell bioactivity were evaluated in osteoblasts-like cells (Saos-2) using methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red (NR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining assays. The data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test or two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test (α=0.05). BD radiopacity was below 3 mm Al and BDZrO2 and BDCaWO4 was above 3 mm Al in all radiography systems used. Solubility was 2.28% for BD, 2.27% for BDZrO2 (p>0.05) and 3.63% for BDCaWO4 (p<0.05). All cements showed alkaline pH with no statistical difference between them (p>0.05). The setting time was 27.5 min. for BD, 33.5 min. for BDZrO2 and 30 min. for BDCaWO4. MTT and NR assays revealed that cements extract at dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:12 had greater (p<0.05) or similar (p>0.05) cytocompatibility in comparison to control group (culture medium). The ALP activity of cements groups at 1, 3 and 7 days was similar (p>0.05) or greater (p<0.05) than the control group. At 7 days, the highest ALP activity was detected for BD group followed by BDZrO2 (p<0.05) and BDCaWO4 group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between BDCaWO4 and control group (p>0.05). All materials induced greater production of mineralized nodules than control group (p<0.05) without significant difference among them. In conclusion, BD radiopacity was below 3 mm Al in all radiography systems, and addition of 15% ZrO2 or CaWO4 was sufficient to increase the radiopacity of BD to values greater than the minimum recommended by ISO 6876 (> 3mm Al). BD associated with radiopacifiers showed suitable properties of setting time, pH and solubility, except BDCaWO4, which exhibit a higher solubility than BD and BDZrO2. All cements had cytocompatibility and potential to induce mineralization in Saos-2 cells. The results suggest that the addition of 15% ZrO2 may be a good option to increase the radiopacity of BD without altering its physicochemical and biological properties.
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Cimentos dentários, Endodontia, Teste de materiais, Dental cements, Endodontics, Materials testing