Mensuração da espessura de tecidos moles faciais de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros
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Data
2018-04-11
Autores
Kuhnen, Barbara
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Na sociedade, a identificação humana é indispensável tanto por razões legais como humanitárias. Porém, existem situações em que corpos encontrados não são passíveis de reconhecimento ou quando não há suspeição, impossibilitando a identificação. Nesses casos, análises antropológicas são de extrema importância, pois permitem estabelecer o perfil biológico do sujeito. Assim, realiza-se a Reconstrução Facial Forense (RFF) para possibilitar o reconhecimento e levar a uma possível identificação. A RFF, para ser realizada, precisa dos valores das espessuras de tecidos moles faciais (ETMF) em diversos pontos craniométricos. Essas medidas servem como guia para se estabelecer um limiar do contorno da face e podem ser influenciadas por diferentes fatores como sexo, ancestralidade, idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Não há na literatura tabelas de ETMFs de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, para auxiliarem na RFF. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a mensuração da espessura de tecidos moles de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, a partir de dados de imagens de Tomografias Computadorizadas de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) de indivíduos vivos, considerando-se as variáveis sexo, idade, cor da pele e índice de massa corporal. Neste estudo, foram mensurados os 21 pontos craniométricos pré- determinados por meio do software Osírix Lite, de imagens de TCFC da região de cabeça e pescoço de 103 não adultos brasileiros (39 crianças e 64 adolescentes), obtidas junto aos arquivos de imagens de uma clínica de Radiografias e Documentações Odontológicas localizada na cidade de Araraquara – SP. De acordo com os resultados obtidos houve diferença significativa (p≤0,05) nos pontos supraglabela, glabela, rinio, supradentale, supraorbital e gonion mensurados em crianças, e na amostra de adolescentes as diferenças significativas existentes foram nos pontos nasion, rinio, filtro-médio, supradentale, infradentale e na eminência frontal. Em todos esses pontos o sexo feminino apresentou média de espessura menor do que a do sexo masculino. Em 16 pontos craniométricos, crianças do sexo feminino brancas apresentaram médias de ETMFs mais baixas do que as não brancas. O mesmo, no sexo masculino, aconteceu com 9 pontos. No ponto gonion, houve evidência de que a média de espessura de crianças com cor da pele não branca é maior do que as brancas, seja qual for o sexo. Adolescentes brancos do sexo feminino apresentaram médias de ETMFs mais baixas do que não brancos em 17 pontos. No ponto suborbital, independente do sexo, a média encontrada para indivíduos brancos foi significativamente menor. Dezesseis adolescentes do sexo feminino com IMC acima do normal apresentaram valores médios de ETMFs maiores do que os com IMC normal. O mesmo ocorreu em 15 pontos nos adolescentes do sexo masculino. Novos estudos são sugeridos para auxiliar nos processos de investigação forense, em especial no que diz respeito à população não adulta brasileira, visto que em nosso país há um alto índice de desaparecimento e de homicídios de crianças e adolescentes.
In society, human identification is indispensable both for legal and humanitarian reasons. However, there are situations in which bodies found are not recognizable or when there is no suspicion, making identification impossible. In these cases, anthropological analyzes are extremely important, since they allow to establish the biological profile of the subject. Thus, Forensic Facial Reconstruction (FFR) is performed to enable recognition and lead to a possible identification. The RFF, to be performed, needs the values of facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTT) at several craniometric points. These measures serve as a guide to establish a threshold of the face contour and can be influenced by different factors such as sex, ancestry, age and body mass index (BMI). There are no tables in the literature of FSTTs of Brazilian children and adolescents, to assist in FFR. The objective of this study was to measure the thickness of soft tissues of Brazilian children and adolescents, based on data from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of living individuals, considering the variables gender, age, skin color and body mass index. In this study, 21 pre-determined craniometric points were measured using the Osírix Lite software, from head and neck CBCT images of 103 non-Brazilian adults (39 children and 64 adolescents), obtained from the image files of a Clinic of Radiology and Dental Documentation located in the city of Araraquara - SP. According to the obtained results, there were significant differences (p≤0.05) in the supraglabella, glabella, rhinium, supradentale, supraorbital and gonion points measured in children; in the adolescent sample, the significant differences were in nasion, rhinium, middle, supradentale, infradentale and frontal eminence. In all of these points the female sex presented a mean thickness less than that of the male sex. At 16 craniometric points, white female children presented mean FSTTs lower than non-white FSTT s. The same occured in the males group, with 9 points. At the gonion point, there was evidence that the mean thickness of children with non-white skin color was higher than white, regardless of sex. White female adolescents had averages of lower than non-white FSTT s at 17 points. At the suborbital point, regardless of sex, the mean value found for white individuals was significantly lower. Sixteen female adolescents with above-normal BMI had higher mean FSTT values than those with normal BMI. The same occurred in 15 points in the male adolescents. New studies are suggested to aid in forensic investigation processes, especially in regard to the Brazilian non-adult population, since in our country there is a high rate of disappearance and homicides of children and adolescents.
In society, human identification is indispensable both for legal and humanitarian reasons. However, there are situations in which bodies found are not recognizable or when there is no suspicion, making identification impossible. In these cases, anthropological analyzes are extremely important, since they allow to establish the biological profile of the subject. Thus, Forensic Facial Reconstruction (FFR) is performed to enable recognition and lead to a possible identification. The RFF, to be performed, needs the values of facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTT) at several craniometric points. These measures serve as a guide to establish a threshold of the face contour and can be influenced by different factors such as sex, ancestry, age and body mass index (BMI). There are no tables in the literature of FSTTs of Brazilian children and adolescents, to assist in FFR. The objective of this study was to measure the thickness of soft tissues of Brazilian children and adolescents, based on data from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of living individuals, considering the variables gender, age, skin color and body mass index. In this study, 21 pre-determined craniometric points were measured using the Osírix Lite software, from head and neck CBCT images of 103 non-Brazilian adults (39 children and 64 adolescents), obtained from the image files of a Clinic of Radiology and Dental Documentation located in the city of Araraquara - SP. According to the obtained results, there were significant differences (p≤0.05) in the supraglabella, glabella, rhinium, supradentale, supraorbital and gonion points measured in children; in the adolescent sample, the significant differences were in nasion, rhinium, middle, supradentale, infradentale and frontal eminence. In all of these points the female sex presented a mean thickness less than that of the male sex. At 16 craniometric points, white female children presented mean FSTTs lower than non-white FSTT s. The same occured in the males group, with 9 points. At the gonion point, there was evidence that the mean thickness of children with non-white skin color was higher than white, regardless of sex. White female adolescents had averages of lower than non-white FSTT s at 17 points. At the suborbital point, regardless of sex, the mean value found for white individuals was significantly lower. Sixteen female adolescents with above-normal BMI had higher mean FSTT values than those with normal BMI. The same occurred in 15 points in the male adolescents. New studies are suggested to aid in forensic investigation processes, especially in regard to the Brazilian non-adult population, since in our country there is a high rate of disappearance and homicides of children and adolescents.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Antropologia forense, Odontologia legal, Crânio, Medicina legal, Forensic anthropology, Legal dentistry, Skull, Legal medicine