Fornecimento de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro em sucessão à sistemas de cultivo de milho no plantio direto
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Data
2018-04-06
Autores
Couto Junior, Pedro Afonso
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A cultura do feijoeiro é bastante exigente em nitrogênio, elemento que sofre diferentes transformações na agricultura e passível de perdas na agricultura, em função de fatores adversos. O feijão também possui função social pelo fato de ser um dos principais alimentos da dieta dos brasileiros. Sendo assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar viabilidade do consórcio de milho com Urochloa ruziziensis e Crotalária spectabilis em termos de produtividade de grãos e de palhada; e em uma segunda etapa a resposta do feijoeiro cultivado em sucessão aos sistemas de cultivo e ao fornecimento de nitrogênio em cobertura no primeiro e no segundo ano de implantação do sistema plantio direto na palha. O experimento foi conduzido ao longo das safras de 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, num Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, argiloso em Jaboticabal-SP, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de cultivo de milho exclusivo, milho consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis e milho consorciado com Crotalária spectabilis, antecessores ao cultivo do feijoeiro. As subparcelas foram compostas por combinações de fornecimento do nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro, na dose de 90 kg ha-1, sendo aplicada em dose única por ocasião do surgimento do primeiro trifólio, na presença do terceiro trifólio e no pré-florescimento, e de modo parcelado com 45+45+00, 00+45+45, 30+60+00, 00+60+30, 60+30+00 e 30+30+30 nos estádios fenológicos supracitados, bem como a ausência do fornecimento de nitrogênio em cobertura e as sub-subparcelas constituídas pelas safras 2015 e 2016. Os três sistemas de cultivo de milho tiveram para a produção de palhada e recobrimento da superfície do solo valores acima de 7,0 t ha-1 e 89 %, respectivamente, viabilizando a adoção do sistema plantio direto, sendo que para a produtividade, quando consorciado com Crotalária spectabilis, houve superioridade sobre os demais sistemas de cultivo, nas duas safras. A produtividade de grãos no feijoeiro é influenciada pela forma de fornecimento de nitrogênio em cobertura e pela palhada do sistema de cultivo de milho antecessor. O fornecimento de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro como 45+45+00 e 30+60+00, após os sistemas de cultivo de milho consorciados, promovem maiores produtividades de grãos, comparativamente ao sistema de milho exclusivo. As variáveis respostas qualitativas, proteína bruta, relação de hidratação e tempo para máxima hidratação dos grãos do feijoeiro são influenciadas pelos sistemas de cultivo de milho vs safras, bem como o fornecimento de nitrogênio em cobertura vs as safras agrícolas para o tempo de cozimento.
Bean is very demanding in nitrogen, an element that undergoes different transformations in agriculture and is susceptible to losses due to adverse factors. It also has a social function because beans are one of the main foods in Brazilians diet. Thus, the objectives of this work were to verify the viability of the maize consortium with Urochloa ruziziensis and Crotalária spectabilis in terms of grain productivity and straw; and in a second step verify the response of the bean cultivated in succession to the cropping systems and to the nitrogen supply in the first and second year of implantation of the no - tillage system in the straw. The experiment was conducted during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests in a clayey Red Latosol at Jaboticabal-SP, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plots consisted of exclusive corn cultivation systems, maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis and corn intercropped with Crotalária spectabilis, predecessors to bean cultivation. The subplots were composed of nitrogen supply combinations in bean cover, at a dose of 90 kg ha-1, being applied in a single dose at the time of the first trifolium, in the presence of the third trifolium and in the pre-flowering, and 45+45+00, 00+45+45, 30+60+00, 00+60+30, 60+30+00 and 30+30+30 in the phenological stages mentioned above, as well as in the absence of the supply of and the sub-subplots constituted by the 2015 and 2016 crops. The three maize cropping systems had values above 7.0t ha-1 and 89%, for the production of straw and covering of the soil, respectively, making it possible the adoption of the no-tillage system, and for productivity, the consortium with Crotalária spectabilis was better than the other cropping systems, in the two harvests.The bean productivity is influenced by the way of nitrogen supply in coverage and by the straw of the predecessor maize crop system. The nitrogen supply in bean cover as 45+45+00 and 30+60+00, after intercropped corn systems, promoted higher productivity, compared to the exclusive corn system. The qualitative variables, crude protein, hydration and time ratio for maximum hydration of bean grains are influenced by maize cropping systems vs harvests, as well as the nitrogen supply in cover vs agricultural harvests for the cooking time.
Bean is very demanding in nitrogen, an element that undergoes different transformations in agriculture and is susceptible to losses due to adverse factors. It also has a social function because beans are one of the main foods in Brazilians diet. Thus, the objectives of this work were to verify the viability of the maize consortium with Urochloa ruziziensis and Crotalária spectabilis in terms of grain productivity and straw; and in a second step verify the response of the bean cultivated in succession to the cropping systems and to the nitrogen supply in the first and second year of implantation of the no - tillage system in the straw. The experiment was conducted during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests in a clayey Red Latosol at Jaboticabal-SP, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plots consisted of exclusive corn cultivation systems, maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis and corn intercropped with Crotalária spectabilis, predecessors to bean cultivation. The subplots were composed of nitrogen supply combinations in bean cover, at a dose of 90 kg ha-1, being applied in a single dose at the time of the first trifolium, in the presence of the third trifolium and in the pre-flowering, and 45+45+00, 00+45+45, 30+60+00, 00+60+30, 60+30+00 and 30+30+30 in the phenological stages mentioned above, as well as in the absence of the supply of and the sub-subplots constituted by the 2015 and 2016 crops. The three maize cropping systems had values above 7.0t ha-1 and 89%, for the production of straw and covering of the soil, respectively, making it possible the adoption of the no-tillage system, and for productivity, the consortium with Crotalária spectabilis was better than the other cropping systems, in the two harvests.The bean productivity is influenced by the way of nitrogen supply in coverage and by the straw of the predecessor maize crop system. The nitrogen supply in bean cover as 45+45+00 and 30+60+00, after intercropped corn systems, promoted higher productivity, compared to the exclusive corn system. The qualitative variables, crude protein, hydration and time ratio for maximum hydration of bean grains are influenced by maize cropping systems vs harvests, as well as the nitrogen supply in cover vs agricultural harvests for the cooking time.
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Phaseolus vulgaris, Zea Mays, adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, plantas de cobertura, sucessão de culturas, atributos agronômicos e qualitativos, nitrogen fertilization, cover crops, succession of crops, agronomic and qualitative attributes