Sistemática de Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. (Apocynaceae) com ênfase na seção típica
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Data
2018-03-05
Autores
Castello, Ana Carolina Devides
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Apocynaceae Juss. tem distribuição cosmopolita, está entre as maiores famílias de Angiospermas, e inclui atualmente as subfamílias Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae e Asclepiadoideae e os grados rauvolfioide e apocynoide. O grado rauvolfioide é composto por 79 gêneros distribuídos em 11 tribos, das quais apenas Alyxieae, Tabernaemontaneae, Willughbeieae e Vinceae possuem estudos filogenéticos. Aspidospermeae é grupo irmão das demais tribos de rauvolfioide e inclui seis gêneros, sendo Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. o mais diverso. Aspidosperma é composto atualmente por 51 espécies, divididas em dois subgêneros e nove seções, das quais a seção Aspidosperma é a que possui o maior número de espécies. Apesar de o gênero ter sido tratado em diversos estudos, a delimitação de suas espécies ainda não é totalmente resolvida, pois há grupos taxonomicamente complexos com sobreposição de características morfológicas entre suas espécies e sinonimizações não efetivamente publicadas, além de nomes publicados após a última revisão que não foram avaliados quanto ao posicionamento nas seções. Neste estudo as circunscrições das espécies de Aspidosperma foram avaliadas para elucidar parte dos problemas taxonômicos e nomenclaturais do gênero. Além disso, foram utilizados caracteres morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos, em abordagem integrativa, para propor uma circunscrição bem suportada das espécies que compõem a seção típica. No capítulo 1, tratei de três complexos de espécies (grupo macrocarpon, parvifolium e tomentosum), com histórico taxonômico repleto de decisões conflitantes, que necessitavam de uma avaliação com métodos objetivos e atuais para dar suporte a uma nova proposta. Essa abordagem permitiu o reconhecimento das espécies e o restabelecimento de cinco espécies que eram consideradas sinônimos. No capítulo 2, reavaliei as espécies do gênero, propondo o restabelecimento de cinco espécies, a sinonimização de 18 espécies e a exclusão de Aspidosperma nanum Markgr. No capítulo 3, são descrevi duas novas espécies para o nordeste do Brasil e forneci um tratamento do gênero para o estado do Ceará, onde as duas espécies são encontradas. No capítulo 4, sintetizei os resultados obtidos nos capítulos anteriores, aumentando de 17 para 28 as espécies reconhecidas na seção típica de Aspidosperma. Esse capítulo inclui, uma sinopse com chaves de identificação para as seções e para as espécies da seção típica, descrições, comentários taxonômicos, pranchas, e informações sobre distribuição e ambiente de ocorrência. Esses resultados forneceram uma circunscrição mais clara de alguns grupos taxonomicamente complexos do gênero, incluindo ferramentas para a identificação das mesmas, além de indicarem que o gênero é ainda mais representativo do que os estudos anteriores indicavam, principalmente na flora brasileira.
Apocynaceae Juss. presents a cosmopolitan distribution, is among the largest families of Angiosperms, and currently includes the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae and the rauvolfiod and apocynoid grades. The rauvolfioid grade comprises 79 genera distributed in 11 tribes, of which only Alyxieae, Tabernaemontaneae, Willughbeieae and Vinceae have phylogenetic studies. Aspidospermeae is the sister group of the other rauvolfioid tribes and includes six genera, of which Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. is the most diverse. Aspidosperma is currently composed of 51 species, divided into two subgenera and nine sections, of which the typical section Aspidosperma possesses the largest number of species. Although the genus has been treated in several studies, the delimitation of its species has not yet been fully resolved, because there are still taxonomically complex groups, with overlapping of morphological characteristics, synonymizations that have not been effectively published, besides names published after the last revision that were not evaluated about the position in the sections. In this study the circumscriptions of the Aspidosperma species were evaluated to elucidate some of the taxonomic and nomenclatureal problems existing in the genus. In addition, morphological, molecular and ecological characters were used in an integrative approach to propose a well-supported circumscription of the species included in the typical section. In Chapter 1, I assessed three species complexes (group macrocarpon, parvifolium and tomentosum), with a taxonomic history filled with conflicting decisions, which required an evaluation with objective and updated methods to support a new proposal. This approach allowed the recognition of the species and the re-establishment of five species that were considered synonym4s. In Chapter 2, I reevaluated the species of the genus, proposing the reestablishment of five species, the synonymization of 18 species and the exclusion of Aspidosperma nanum Markgr. In chapter 3, we described two new species of the northeast region of Brazil and provided a treatment of the genus for the Ceará state, where the two species are found. In chapter 4, I synthesized the results obtained in the previous chapters, increasing from 17 to 28 the species recognized in the typical section of Aspidosperma. In this chapter, we provided a synopsis, including keys for sections and species of the typical section, descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations, and information about distribution and environment of occurrence. These results provided a clearer circumscription of some groups taxonomically complex of the genus, including tools to their identification, and also indicating that the genus is even more representative than the previous studies indicated, especially in Brazilian flora
Apocynaceae Juss. presents a cosmopolitan distribution, is among the largest families of Angiosperms, and currently includes the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae and the rauvolfiod and apocynoid grades. The rauvolfioid grade comprises 79 genera distributed in 11 tribes, of which only Alyxieae, Tabernaemontaneae, Willughbeieae and Vinceae have phylogenetic studies. Aspidospermeae is the sister group of the other rauvolfioid tribes and includes six genera, of which Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. is the most diverse. Aspidosperma is currently composed of 51 species, divided into two subgenera and nine sections, of which the typical section Aspidosperma possesses the largest number of species. Although the genus has been treated in several studies, the delimitation of its species has not yet been fully resolved, because there are still taxonomically complex groups, with overlapping of morphological characteristics, synonymizations that have not been effectively published, besides names published after the last revision that were not evaluated about the position in the sections. In this study the circumscriptions of the Aspidosperma species were evaluated to elucidate some of the taxonomic and nomenclatureal problems existing in the genus. In addition, morphological, molecular and ecological characters were used in an integrative approach to propose a well-supported circumscription of the species included in the typical section. In Chapter 1, I assessed three species complexes (group macrocarpon, parvifolium and tomentosum), with a taxonomic history filled with conflicting decisions, which required an evaluation with objective and updated methods to support a new proposal. This approach allowed the recognition of the species and the re-establishment of five species that were considered synonym4s. In Chapter 2, I reevaluated the species of the genus, proposing the reestablishment of five species, the synonymization of 18 species and the exclusion of Aspidosperma nanum Markgr. In chapter 3, we described two new species of the northeast region of Brazil and provided a treatment of the genus for the Ceará state, where the two species are found. In chapter 4, I synthesized the results obtained in the previous chapters, increasing from 17 to 28 the species recognized in the typical section of Aspidosperma. In this chapter, we provided a synopsis, including keys for sections and species of the typical section, descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations, and information about distribution and environment of occurrence. These results provided a clearer circumscription of some groups taxonomically complex of the genus, including tools to their identification, and also indicating that the genus is even more representative than the previous studies indicated, especially in Brazilian flora
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Palavras-chave
Taxonomia, delimitação de espécies, Aspidospermeae