Eficácia do exercício aeróbico associado à terapia cognitivo comportamental na cessação do tabagismo: uma revisão sistemática e um ensaio clínico randomizado
Carregando...
Arquivos
Data
2018-04-27
Autores
Santos, Caroline Pereira [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Tabagismo é considerado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como a principal causa de morte evitável do mundo. Aproximadamente sete milhões de pessoas morrem todos os anos, como consequência de mais de 50 doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Muitos programas são realizados a fim de auxiliar o tabagista a lidar como processo de cessação. Tais programas se caracterizam por reuniões em grupo, compostas por terapia cognitiva comportamental, que tem como objetivo fazer com que o tabagista entenda os riscos em fumar e os benefícios de parar. Além disso, é recomendado o uso de medicamentos durante o processo, o que auxilia diretamente nos sintomas da síndrome de abstinência e na dependência química. No entanto, mesmo com tais programas, novas estratégias são estudadas a fim de que as taxas de sucesso de cessação e manutenção da abstinência sejam aumentadas. Diversos tipos de exercício físico foram considerados eficazes durante esse processo. O exercício aeróbico tem se mostrado uma estratégia eficaz, porém não há uma padronização relacionada a qual melhor intensidade, duração e frequência da prática do exercício, para que ocorra uma facilitação no período da cessação. Desta forma, o objetivo de ambos os estudos foi: reunir em uma revisão sistemática os efeitos do exercício aeróbico associado a terapia cognitiva comportamental no processo de cessação do tabagismo e avaliar a eficácia de um treino de exercício aeróbico periodizado individualizado em tabagistas saudáveis, com relação a cessação do tabagismo, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida por meio de um ensaio clinico aleatorizado. Métodos: Para a revisão sistemática foram realizadas pesquisas nos seguintes bancos de dados eletrônicos: Medline (via Ovid); CINAHL (via Ebsco); PEDro; EMBASE; SPORTDiscus (via Ebsco); e Web of Science. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram os efeitos do exercício aeróbio, com ou sem reposição da terapia de nicotina, em comparação com um grupo controle, consistindo em cuidados habituais. O resultado primário foi a cessação do tabagismo considerada como abstinência contínua (medida por monóxido de carbono exalado ou avaliação da cotinina). No ensaio clinico randomizado cinquenta fumantes adultos que desejavam parar de fumar foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para 15 semanas de intervenção, em sessões de exercício aeróbico supervisionado (GA; N=29) ou educação em saúde (GC; N= 21). Todos os participantes receberam aconselhamento comportamental e terapia medicamentosa. Foram avaliados com relação à abstinência, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Resultados: Nós identificamos 18 estudos com total de 2,815 participantes. Houve evidência de qualidade moderada de que o exercício aeróbio foi melhor do que o tratamento de controle na promoção da cessação do tabagismo apenas à curto prazo (11 ensaios, Risco Relativo 0,79, Intervalo de Confiança 95%: 0,66 a 0,94). O ensaio clinico randomizado teve como amostra final 18 tabagistas, com média de idade de 45,3 ± 5,9 anos no GA e 47,5 ± 15,3 anos no GC. Ao final do tratamento 36,4% dos participantes do GA encontravam-se abstinentes e 28,6% no GC. Houve melhora significativa apenas na capacidade funcional do GA (VO2pico l/min: p=0,040 e vVO2pico: p=0,007. Na comparação intergrupos foi encontrada diferença estatística nos valores de VO2pico (VO2pico l/min: p=0,046; VO2pico ml/kg/min: p=0,044). Nos resultados do SF-36, houve melhora significativa da capacidade funcional no GA (p=0,008) e piora no estado geral de saúde no GC (p=0,040). Houve correlação positiva entre os valores de VO2pico e saúde mental (VO2pico l/min: r=0,569; p=0,034 e VO2pico ml/kg/min: r=0,538; p=0,047), estado geral de saúde (r=0,587; p=0,037) e aspecto social (r=0,548; p=0,042). Conclusão: Pode ser observado de acordo com as pesquisas encontradas, que o exercício aeróbico deve ser usado como estratégia de cessação do tabagismo à curto prazo. Devem ser realizados ensaios maiores para investigar a eficácia de exercícios aeróbicos sobre a cessação do tabagismo à longo prazo. Corroborando com a revisão sistemática, o ensaio clinico randomizado demonstrou que o exercício aeróbico foi eficaz na melhora da capacidade funcional de tabagistas, além de ter auxiliado na melhora da qualidade de vida destes indivíduos, o que não ocorreu no GC.
Smoking is considered by the World Health Organization as the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Approximately seven million people die each year as a consequence of more than 50 tobacco-related diseases. Many programs are conducted to help the smoker cope as a cessation process. Such programs are characterized by group meetings consisting of cognitive behavioral therapy that aims to make the smoker understand the risks of smoking and the benefits of quitting. In addition, it is recommended to use medications during the process, which directly aid in the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome and chemical dependence. However, even with such programs, new strategies are being studied in order for abstinence cessation and maintenance success rates to be increased. Several types of physical exercise were considered effective during this process. Aerobic exercise has been shown to be an effective strategy, but there is no standardization related to which intensity, duration and frequency of exercise practice, for facilitation to occur during the cessation period. Thus, the objective of both studies was to: gather in a systematic review the effects of aerobic exercise associated with cognitive behavioral therapy in the smoking cessation process and to evaluate the efficacy of an individualized periodic aerobic exercise training in healthy smokers, regarding smoking cessation, functional capacity and quality of life by means of a randomized clinical trial. Methods: For the systematic review, the following electronic databases were carried out: Medline (via Ovid); CINAHL (via Ebsco); Pedro; EMBASE; SPORTDiscus (via Ebsco); and Web of Science. We included randomized trials that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise, with or without nicotine therapy, compared with a control group, consisting of usual care. The primary outcome was cessation of smoking considered continuous abstinence (measured by exhaled carbon monoxide or cotinine assessment). In the randomized clinical trial 50 adult smokers who wished to quit smoking were randomly assigned to 15 weeks of intervention in sessions of supervised aerobic exercise (EG; N = 29) or health education (CG; N = 21). All participants received behavioral counseling and drug therapy. They were evaluated in relation to abstinence, functional capacity and quality of life. Results: We identified 18 studies with a total of 2,815 participants. There was moderate quality evidence that aerobic exercise was better than the control treatment in promoting smoking cessation only in the short term (11 trials, RR 0.79, IC 95%: 0.66 to 0, 94). The randomized clinical trial had a final sample of 18 smokers, with mean age of 45.3 ± 5.9 years in EG and 47.5 ± 15.3 years in CG. At the end of the treatment, 36.4% of the participants in the EG were abstinent and 28.6% in the CG. There was a significant improvement in the functional capacity of the EG (VO2peak / min: p = 0.040 and vvo2peak: p = 0.007) In the intergroup comparison a statistically significant difference was observed in VO2peak values (VO2peak / min: p = 0.046, VO2peak ml / kg In the SF-36 results, there was a significant improvement in functional capacity in EG (p = 0.008) and worsening of general health status in the CG (p = 0.040). (R = 0.587, p = 0.037), and social aspect (VO2peak and mental health (r = 0.569, p = 0.034 and VO2peak ml / kg / min: r = 0.538, p = 0.047) (r = 0.548, p = 0.042). Conclusion: It can be observed according to the research findings that aerobic exercise should be used as a short-term smoking cessation strategy. long-term smoking cessation. Corroborating with the systematic review, the randomized clinical trial showed that aerobic exercise was effective in improving the functional capacity of smokers, besides helping to improve the quality of life of these individuals, which did not occur in the CG.
Smoking is considered by the World Health Organization as the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Approximately seven million people die each year as a consequence of more than 50 tobacco-related diseases. Many programs are conducted to help the smoker cope as a cessation process. Such programs are characterized by group meetings consisting of cognitive behavioral therapy that aims to make the smoker understand the risks of smoking and the benefits of quitting. In addition, it is recommended to use medications during the process, which directly aid in the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome and chemical dependence. However, even with such programs, new strategies are being studied in order for abstinence cessation and maintenance success rates to be increased. Several types of physical exercise were considered effective during this process. Aerobic exercise has been shown to be an effective strategy, but there is no standardization related to which intensity, duration and frequency of exercise practice, for facilitation to occur during the cessation period. Thus, the objective of both studies was to: gather in a systematic review the effects of aerobic exercise associated with cognitive behavioral therapy in the smoking cessation process and to evaluate the efficacy of an individualized periodic aerobic exercise training in healthy smokers, regarding smoking cessation, functional capacity and quality of life by means of a randomized clinical trial. Methods: For the systematic review, the following electronic databases were carried out: Medline (via Ovid); CINAHL (via Ebsco); Pedro; EMBASE; SPORTDiscus (via Ebsco); and Web of Science. We included randomized trials that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise, with or without nicotine therapy, compared with a control group, consisting of usual care. The primary outcome was cessation of smoking considered continuous abstinence (measured by exhaled carbon monoxide or cotinine assessment). In the randomized clinical trial 50 adult smokers who wished to quit smoking were randomly assigned to 15 weeks of intervention in sessions of supervised aerobic exercise (EG; N = 29) or health education (CG; N = 21). All participants received behavioral counseling and drug therapy. They were evaluated in relation to abstinence, functional capacity and quality of life. Results: We identified 18 studies with a total of 2,815 participants. There was moderate quality evidence that aerobic exercise was better than the control treatment in promoting smoking cessation only in the short term (11 trials, RR 0.79, IC 95%: 0.66 to 0, 94). The randomized clinical trial had a final sample of 18 smokers, with mean age of 45.3 ± 5.9 years in EG and 47.5 ± 15.3 years in CG. At the end of the treatment, 36.4% of the participants in the EG were abstinent and 28.6% in the CG. There was a significant improvement in the functional capacity of the EG (VO2peak / min: p = 0.040 and vvo2peak: p = 0.007) In the intergroup comparison a statistically significant difference was observed in VO2peak values (VO2peak / min: p = 0.046, VO2peak ml / kg In the SF-36 results, there was a significant improvement in functional capacity in EG (p = 0.008) and worsening of general health status in the CG (p = 0.040). (R = 0.587, p = 0.037), and social aspect (VO2peak and mental health (r = 0.569, p = 0.034 and VO2peak ml / kg / min: r = 0.538, p = 0.047) (r = 0.548, p = 0.042). Conclusion: It can be observed according to the research findings that aerobic exercise should be used as a short-term smoking cessation strategy. long-term smoking cessation. Corroborating with the systematic review, the randomized clinical trial showed that aerobic exercise was effective in improving the functional capacity of smokers, besides helping to improve the quality of life of these individuals, which did not occur in the CG.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Tabagismo, Cessação do tabagismo, Exercício, Terapia cognitiva comportamental, Smoking, Cessation of smoking, Exercise, Cognitive behavioral therapy