Sistemas fotoeletrocatalíticos baseados em eletrodos de Ti/TiO2-CuO, NtTiO2-NsCuO, NtTiO2-ZrO2 e GDL-Cu2O aplicados de forma isolada e concomitantemente à oxidação da água, redução de CO2 dissolvido e oxidação de compostos orgânicos da água residual de petróleo
Data
2018-08-10
Autores
Brito, Juliana Ferreira de
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente trabalho investigou materiais semicondutores aplicados em sistema fotocatalítico, eletrocatalítico e fotoeletrocatalítico com vistas a produzir a redução de CO2, oxidação da água, oxidação de compostos orgânicos da água residual de petróleo e redução de CO2 concomitante a oxidação de compostos orgânicos. Na primeira parte deste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho dos eletrodos de heterojunção de dióxido de titânio e óxido de cobre II, na forma não nanoestruturada, Ti/TiO2-CuO, e em uma configuração de nanoestruturas, NtTiO2-NsCuO, para promover a redução fotoeletrocatalítica de CO2 com vistas a formação dos álcoois metanol e etanol. Empregando o eletrodo de Ti/TiO2-CuO em baixas temperaturas foi possível obter uma reação com 91% de seletividade a metanol, atingindo 0,30 mmol L-1 de formação após 2 h de reação. Em temperatura ambiente foi possível atingir a geração de 0,10 mmol L-1, mesmo valor obtido para o eletrodo completamente nanoestruturado de NtTiO2-NsCuO. Estudos com trapeadores de lacunas fotogeradas (eficientes oxidantes) mostraram que no sistema nanoestruturado competem com a concomitante oxidação de metanol, sendo necessário a separação destas lacunas no sistema. Na segunda parte deste trabalho estudou-se o reator híbrido fotoeletroquímico/eletroquímico empregando eletrodos de difusão de gás decorados com óxido de cobre I (GDL-Cu2O) e nanotubos de TiO2 decorados com óxido de cobre II (NtTiO2-CuO) para a redução eletroquímica de CO2 e a oxidação da água, respectivamente. O arranjo deste reator permitiu realizar ambas as reações simultaneamente em compartimentos separados por membrana trocadora de prótons, obtendo 0,027 mmol L-1 de formiato, 0,020 mmol L-1 de acetato e 0,050 µmol min-1 de hidrogênio após 24 h de reação. 98% de eficiência faradáica foi obtido para sistema irradiado com luz UV-Vis, mostrando ser possível promover a oxidação de compostos orgânicos concomitante à redução de CO2. Na terceira parte do trabalho investigou-se a eficiência de eletrodos de nanotubos de TiO2 em sistemas fotocatalíticos, ozonização, fotoeletrocatálise e ozonização acoplada a fotoeletrocatálise quando aplicados na oxidação da água residual de petróleo. A comparação entre as técnicas mostrou que com a ozonização fotoeletrocatalítica atingiu-se 97,6% de redução de cor, 99,9% na redução da turbidez, 99,2% de remoção de carbono inorgânico, 73,5% de redução da DQO, 35,3% de redução na concentração de cloreto e 96% na redução da concentração de fluoreto após 2h de reação. Os compostos remanescentes no processo foram: benzaldeído, álcool benzílico, octa-decano e ácido hexadecanóico detectados por CG-MS. Na quarta etapa deste trabalho estudou-se o sistema fotoeletrocatalítico composto por fotoânodo de NtTiO2-ZrO2 e o cátodo GDL-Cu2O para promover a oxidação de álcool benzílico no compartimento anódico, escolhido como composto modelo, visto que foi este um dos compostos mais resistente à oxidação fotoeletrocatalítica da água de petróleo, concomitante à redução de CO2 no compartimento catódico. Após 3 h de reação a oxidação do álcool benzílico atingiu 68%, concomitante a geração simultânea de 3,75 mmol L-1 de metanol e 0,96 mmol L-1 de etanol. Estes resultados são pioneiros e trazem uma nova perspectiva para os estudos de oxidação de poluentes concomitante a redução de CO2 em sistemas de amostras complexas por fotocatálise ou fotoeletrocatálise.
The present work investigated semiconductor materials applied in photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic system with the target to produces CO 2 reduction, water oxidation , oxidation of organic compounds present s in petroleum wastewater and CO 2 reduction concomitant to a n oxidation of organic compounds. In the first part of this work was evaluated the performance of the heterojunction electrodes t itanium dioxide and copper oxide II, in the non - nanostructured form, Ti/TiO 2 - CuO and, in the nanostructured configuration, NtTiO 2 - NsCuO, to promote the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 intending methanol and ethanol formation. Employing the Ti/ TiO 2 - CuO in low temperature was possible to obtain 91% of selectivity to methanol , reaching 0 . 30 mmol L - 1 after 2h of reaction. Under room temperature was possible to reach the formation of 0 . 10 mol L - 1 , the same value obtained for the completely nanostructure d NtTiO 2 - CuO. The study with trapper s of the holes photogenerated (efficien t oxidants ) show that the nanostructured system compete s with the concomitant oxidation of the methanol formed, been necessary to separate the holes in this system. In the second part of this work was studied the hybrid reacto ph otoele ctrochemistry/electrochemistry employing electrodes of gas diffusion layer decorated with copper oxide I (GDL - Cu 2 O) and TiO 2 nanotubes decorated with copper oxi de II (NtTiO 2 - CuO) for electrochemistry reduction of CO 2 and water oxidation, respectively. The arrangement of this reactor allowed to perform both reactions simultaneously in compartments separated by protons exchange membrane , obtain 0 . 027 mmol L - 1 of formate , 0 . 020 mmol L - 1 of acetat e and 0 . 050 μmol min - 1 of hydrogen after 24 h of reaction. 98% of faradaic efficiency was obtained for the system irradiated with UV - Vis light, showing be possible to promote the oxidation of organic compounds concomitant t o CO 2 reduction. In third part of the work investigated the efficiency of TiO 2 nanotubes electrodes in systems of photocatalysis , ozonation, photoelectrocatalysis and ozonation coupled to photoelectrocatalysis , when applied in the oxidation of petroleum wastewater. The comparison between the technics showed that the photoelectrocatalytic ozonation reached reduction of 97.6% in color , 99 . 9% in turbid ity , 99 . 2% in in organic carbon , 73 . 5% in C O D , 35 . 3% in the conc entra tion of chlo ride and 96 .0 % in the concentra tion of fluor ide after 2h of reaction . The rema ining compounds in the process were benzaldehyde, benzyl al cohol, octadecane and hexadecane acid detected by GC - MS. In the fourth 18 stage of this work was studied the photoelectrocatalytic system compound by photoanodes of NtTiO 2 - ZrO 2 and the cathode GDL - Cu 2 O to promote the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the anodic compartment, showed as model molecule , once it was one of the compounds more resistant to the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of the petroleum wastewater , concomitant to the CO 2 reduction in the cathodic compartment. After 3h of reaction the oxidation of benzyl alcohol reach 68.0% concomitant to the simultane ous generation of 3.75 mmol L - 1 of metha nol and 0.96 mmol L - 1 of ethanol. These results are pioneers and bring a new perspective to the study of oxidation of pollutants concomitant to the reduction of CO 2 in systems with complex samples by photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis.
The present work investigated semiconductor materials applied in photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic system with the target to produces CO 2 reduction, water oxidation , oxidation of organic compounds present s in petroleum wastewater and CO 2 reduction concomitant to a n oxidation of organic compounds. In the first part of this work was evaluated the performance of the heterojunction electrodes t itanium dioxide and copper oxide II, in the non - nanostructured form, Ti/TiO 2 - CuO and, in the nanostructured configuration, NtTiO 2 - NsCuO, to promote the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 intending methanol and ethanol formation. Employing the Ti/ TiO 2 - CuO in low temperature was possible to obtain 91% of selectivity to methanol , reaching 0 . 30 mmol L - 1 after 2h of reaction. Under room temperature was possible to reach the formation of 0 . 10 mol L - 1 , the same value obtained for the completely nanostructure d NtTiO 2 - CuO. The study with trapper s of the holes photogenerated (efficien t oxidants ) show that the nanostructured system compete s with the concomitant oxidation of the methanol formed, been necessary to separate the holes in this system. In the second part of this work was studied the hybrid reacto ph otoele ctrochemistry/electrochemistry employing electrodes of gas diffusion layer decorated with copper oxide I (GDL - Cu 2 O) and TiO 2 nanotubes decorated with copper oxi de II (NtTiO 2 - CuO) for electrochemistry reduction of CO 2 and water oxidation, respectively. The arrangement of this reactor allowed to perform both reactions simultaneously in compartments separated by protons exchange membrane , obtain 0 . 027 mmol L - 1 of formate , 0 . 020 mmol L - 1 of acetat e and 0 . 050 μmol min - 1 of hydrogen after 24 h of reaction. 98% of faradaic efficiency was obtained for the system irradiated with UV - Vis light, showing be possible to promote the oxidation of organic compounds concomitant t o CO 2 reduction. In third part of the work investigated the efficiency of TiO 2 nanotubes electrodes in systems of photocatalysis , ozonation, photoelectrocatalysis and ozonation coupled to photoelectrocatalysis , when applied in the oxidation of petroleum wastewater. The comparison between the technics showed that the photoelectrocatalytic ozonation reached reduction of 97.6% in color , 99 . 9% in turbid ity , 99 . 2% in in organic carbon , 73 . 5% in C O D , 35 . 3% in the conc entra tion of chlo ride and 96 .0 % in the concentra tion of fluor ide after 2h of reaction . The rema ining compounds in the process were benzaldehyde, benzyl al cohol, octadecane and hexadecane acid detected by GC - MS. In the fourth 18 stage of this work was studied the photoelectrocatalytic system compound by photoanodes of NtTiO 2 - ZrO 2 and the cathode GDL - Cu 2 O to promote the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the anodic compartment, showed as model molecule , once it was one of the compounds more resistant to the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of the petroleum wastewater , concomitant to the CO 2 reduction in the cathodic compartment. After 3h of reaction the oxidation of benzyl alcohol reach 68.0% concomitant to the simultane ous generation of 3.75 mmol L - 1 of metha nol and 0.96 mmol L - 1 of ethanol. These results are pioneers and bring a new perspective to the study of oxidation of pollutants concomitant to the reduction of CO 2 in systems with complex samples by photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Materiais para fotoeletrocatálise, Heterojunção p-n, Fotoânodo direcionador de elétrons, Redução de CO2, Oxidação de composto orgânico, Água produzida de petróleo