O papel dos contextos nas mudanças por gramaticalização e subjetivização: um estudo diacrônico das construções com 'agora' e 'now'
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2018-08-22
Autores
Ferrari, Luísa
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Neste trabalho, investigamos, em perspectiva longitudinal, trajetórias de mudança similares no português e no inglês, atravessadas pelas construções com agora e pelas construções com now. Originalmente, agora e now atuam como advérbios temporais que estabelecem relações entre o tempo de eventos no mundo e o tempo da enunciação (SCHIFFRIN, 1987; ILARI, 2002). Ao longo da história do português e do inglês, tanto agora como now adquirem significados não temporais, que se distribuem em dois tipos. Em um deles, expressam significados contrastivos e atuam na junção de enunciados; em outro, indicam uma mudança para novos (sub)tópicos discursivos, funcionando como marcadores discursivos (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004). Assumindo que a mudança linguística se processa via contextos específicos, que evocam inferências de novos significados (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004), o objetivo maior do trabalho é elucidar os percursos históricos de mudança de agora e now à luz dos arranjos contextuais que favorecem a emergência dos novos padrões de uso. Para tanto, a pesquisa é conduzida sob viés diacrônico, a partir de textos de tipologia variada produzidos em diferentes períodos do português e do inglês. Entendendo os contextos como a principal via de desenvolvimento das mudanças, assumimos os pressupostos da Teoria da Inferência Convidada (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004), que atribui à pragmática o papel de força motriz da mudança e busca explicar a tendência à subjetivização dos significados. Aliamos o modelo aos pressupostos teóricos da Gramaticalização (HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003), relevantes para o trabalho na medida em que as mudanças aqui investigadas afetam tanto o domínio do significado quanto da morfossintaxe.
In this paper, we investigate, in a longitudinal perspective, similar paths of change in Portuguese and English. Originally, ‘agora’ and ‘now’ work as temporal adverbs that establish a relationship between the time of events in the world and the speaking time (SCHIFFRIN, 1987; ILARI, 2002). Through the history of Portuguese and English, both ‘agora’ and ‘now’ acquire non temporal meanings, that are distributed in two types. In one of them, the itens express contrastive meanings and work as conjunctions; in the other one, they indicate a change to new discourse (sub)topics, playing the role of discourse markers (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004). Assuming that linguistic change occurs in specific contexts, that evoke inferences of new meanings (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004), our main purpose is to elucidate the paths of change of ‘agora’ and ‘now’ in the light of the contextual clusters that favour the emergence of the new usage patterns. For this purpose, the research is developed in a diachronic perspective, by means of different types of texts produced over different periods of Portuguese and English. Conceiving contexts as the main via to change, we affiliate to the Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004), that conceives pragmatics as the chief driving force in semantic change and attempts to explain the tendency of subjectification of meanings. We combine that model with the theoretical assumptions of Grammaticalization (HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003), that are relevant to this research since the changes investigated by us affect both meaning and morphosyntax.
In this paper, we investigate, in a longitudinal perspective, similar paths of change in Portuguese and English. Originally, ‘agora’ and ‘now’ work as temporal adverbs that establish a relationship between the time of events in the world and the speaking time (SCHIFFRIN, 1987; ILARI, 2002). Through the history of Portuguese and English, both ‘agora’ and ‘now’ acquire non temporal meanings, that are distributed in two types. In one of them, the itens express contrastive meanings and work as conjunctions; in the other one, they indicate a change to new discourse (sub)topics, playing the role of discourse markers (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004). Assuming that linguistic change occurs in specific contexts, that evoke inferences of new meanings (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004), our main purpose is to elucidate the paths of change of ‘agora’ and ‘now’ in the light of the contextual clusters that favour the emergence of the new usage patterns. For this purpose, the research is developed in a diachronic perspective, by means of different types of texts produced over different periods of Portuguese and English. Conceiving contexts as the main via to change, we affiliate to the Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2004), that conceives pragmatics as the chief driving force in semantic change and attempts to explain the tendency of subjectification of meanings. We combine that model with the theoretical assumptions of Grammaticalization (HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003), that are relevant to this research since the changes investigated by us affect both meaning and morphosyntax.
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Palavras-chave
Contextos, Polissemia, Mudança, Gramaticalização, Subjetivização, Contexts, Polysemy, Language change, Grammaticalization, Subjectification