Ouvido absoluto e ouvido relativo: um estudo psicométrico dos traços latentes
Carregando...
Data
2018-09-28
Autores
Germano, Nayana Di Giuseppe [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Ouvido Absoluto (OA) é um dos fenômenos mais pesquisados na área da percepção musical, habilidade esta historicamente considerada rara por muitos músicos, psicólogos e outros pesquisadores. Uma vasta revisão bibliográfica sobre o OA foi realizada em Germano (2015) e, a partir deste trabalho, notou-se diversos problemas conceituais frente ao OA e, assim, a necessidade de uma padronização, tanto no que diz respeito à definição do fenômeno, quanto no que diz respeito à maneira de medi-lo. Do mesmo modo, foi observado que o Ouvido Relativo (OR) possui um número consideravelmente menor de pesquisas e é, academicamente, negligenciado frente ao OA. Dessa forma, a proposta desse trabalho foi construir, aplicar, tabular e analisar testes musicais sobre a percepção de alturas em diferentes tarefas: alturas isoladas, intervalos melódicos e harmônicos, tríades em posição fundamental e primeira inversão. O público pesquisado contou com 783 estudantes de música de nível universitário de 7 universidades brasileiras distintas. Os testes foram elaborados a partir do desenvolvimento de modelos de constructos e foram analisados perante a psicometria, em que se utilizou a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), a Análise de Classes Latentes (LCA), a Regressão e a Correlação. Aparentemente, este é o primeiro trabalho que propõe a validação de testes de medição das habilidades cognitivas do OA e do OR. Os resultados indicaram que os testes elaborados possuem potencial para validação, medindo satisfatoriamente tanto a latência da rotulação de alturas quanto a latência de identificação da relação intervalar entre alturas. Dentre as principais descobertas, destacamos a possibilidade do OA não ser mensurado de maneira satisfatória através de tarefas de nomeação de alturas isoladas sem referência, como é comumente encontrado na bibliografia sobre o assunto. Além disso, tanto a habilidade de rotulação de alturas (relativa ao OA) quanto a de identificação de relações entre alturas (referente ao OR) se adequam melhor em uma perspectiva dimensional quando comparada à categórica.
Absolute pitch (AP) is one of the most researched phenomena in the field of music perception and it is historically considered a rare ability by many musicians, psychologists and other researchers. A broad bibliographic review on AP was conducted in Germano (2015) and we noticed many conceptual problems, including the necessity for standardization regarding not only AP definition, but also regarding how to measure it. It was also observed that Relative Pitch (RP) is much less researched, being academically neglected in favor of AP. In light of these data, we proposed in this research the construction, application, tabulation and analysis of musical tests regarding pitch perception in different tasks: isolated pitches, melodic and harmonic intervals, triads in root position and first inversion. The researched population consisted of 783 undergraduate music students from 7 distinct Brazilian universities. The tests were based on developed construct models and were analyzed within a psychometric approach using Item Response Theory (IRT), Latent Class Analysis (LCA), Regression and Correlation. Seemingly, this is the first project to seek validation of tests that measure the cognitive abilities named AP and RP. Results indicated that the developed tests have validity potential, satisfactorily measuring both latent labelling of pitches and latent identification of interval relations of pitches. Among our main discoveries, we highlight the possibility that AP might not be satisfactorily measured through tasks of labelling isolated pitches without reference, which are commonly found in AP literature. Also, both pitch labelling (regarding AP) and identification of interval relations of pitches (regarding RP) fit better to a dimensional perspective than to a categorical one.
Absolute pitch (AP) is one of the most researched phenomena in the field of music perception and it is historically considered a rare ability by many musicians, psychologists and other researchers. A broad bibliographic review on AP was conducted in Germano (2015) and we noticed many conceptual problems, including the necessity for standardization regarding not only AP definition, but also regarding how to measure it. It was also observed that Relative Pitch (RP) is much less researched, being academically neglected in favor of AP. In light of these data, we proposed in this research the construction, application, tabulation and analysis of musical tests regarding pitch perception in different tasks: isolated pitches, melodic and harmonic intervals, triads in root position and first inversion. The researched population consisted of 783 undergraduate music students from 7 distinct Brazilian universities. The tests were based on developed construct models and were analyzed within a psychometric approach using Item Response Theory (IRT), Latent Class Analysis (LCA), Regression and Correlation. Seemingly, this is the first project to seek validation of tests that measure the cognitive abilities named AP and RP. Results indicated that the developed tests have validity potential, satisfactorily measuring both latent labelling of pitches and latent identification of interval relations of pitches. Among our main discoveries, we highlight the possibility that AP might not be satisfactorily measured through tasks of labelling isolated pitches without reference, which are commonly found in AP literature. Also, both pitch labelling (regarding AP) and identification of interval relations of pitches (regarding RP) fit better to a dimensional perspective than to a categorical one.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ouvido absoluto, Ouvido relativo, Percepção musical, Validação de constructo, Psicometria, Traço latente, Absolute pitch, Relative pitch, Music perception, Construct validity, Psychometrics, Latent trait