Promoção da saúde por técnicos de enfermagem: perspectiva de docentes, discentes, enfermeiros e técnicos em enfermagem.
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Data
2018-07-31
Autores
Serradilha, Antonia de Fátima Zanchetta
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Introdução: No Brasil, a promoção da saúde emerge como paradigma fundamental para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde, sendo sua abordagem imprescindível na formação dos profissionais da saúde, entre os quais, os técnicos em enfermagem. Objetivo: Analisar o processo de formação profissional e a práxis do técnico em enfermagem quanto à promoção da saúde, a partir da perspectiva de estudantes e profissionais envolvidos. Trajetória metodológica: Pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, desenvolvida em município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de revisão integrativa de literatura e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com nove docentes enfermeiras e 20 discentes de curso técnico em enfermagem de instituição pública, 16 enfermeiras e 32 técnicos em enfermagem da rede básica de saúde. Os dados das entrevistas foram tratados por análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: A análise integrada das 25 publicações incluídas na revisão revelou que os principais temas a serem abordados na formação em enfermagem sobre promoção da saúde consistem em: educação em saúde, diversidade sociocultural, vulnerabilidades individuais e coletivas e que enquanto estratégias metodológicas recomendadas para essa abordagem encontram-se: métodos ativos, experiências interprofissionais, valorização do pensamento crítico, integração teórico-prática e de ensino-serviço-comunidade, além de ensino presencial e/ou virtual, em sala de aulas ou laboratórios de simulação realística. Os discentes de formação técnica mostraram concepções limitadas sobre promoção da saúde, sendo identificado incipiente processo de desenvolvimento de habilidades para sua realização na prática profissional. As concepções e experiências dos técnicos em enfermagem permitiram constatar que, na práxis, as ações de promoção da saúde são fortemente influenciadas pelo modelo biologicista e limitadas a ações educativas sobre prevenção de agravos e à verificação do conhecimento apreendido, com pouca crítica quanto aos determinantes sociais do processo saúde-doença, à promoção do autocuidado, das questões de direito e de participação social. A apreensão da perspectiva dos docentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a formação e práxis de técnicos em enfermagem na promoção da saúdepermitiu confirmar a necessidade de se ampliar a abordagem teórica e prática dessa temática na formação desses profissionais, a fim de gerar autonomia e empoderamento dos mesmos sobre sua própria saúde, de forma que esses possam também contribuir para o desenvolvimento desses quesitos junto aos usuários dos serviços onde atuarem. Considerações finais: Os achados desta pesquisa possibilitaram evidenciar a necessidade de maior investimento institucional na formação técnica em enfermagem sobre promoção da saúde, apresentando possibilidades para a abordagem de suas premissas em toda sua amplitude e dentro da governabilidade de docentes e enfermeiros, com vistas à construção de práticas transformadoras no cotidiano de trabalho.
Introduction: In Brazil, health promotion emerges as a fundamental paradigm for the consolidation of the Unified Health System, and its approach is essential in the training processes of health care professionals, including nursing technicians. Objective: To analyze the professional training process and practice of nursing technicians in relation to health promotion, considering the perspective of students and professionals involved. Methodology: This is a qualitative study developed in a city in the State of São Paulo. Data were obtained by means of an integrative review of the literature and semi-structured interviews with nine nurse teachers and 20 students from the Nursing Certificate Program of a public school, 16 nurses and 32 nursing technicians from the basic health care network. Data from the interviews were treated by thematic content analysis. Results: The integrated analysis of the 25 publications included in the review revealed that the main topics to be addressed in the nursing training on health promotion are: health education, socio-cultural diversity, individual and collective vulnerabilities, and that the methodological strategies recommended are: active methods, interprofessional experiences, valorization of critical thinking, theoretical-practical and teaching-service-community integration, as well as on-site and/or virtual classes in classrooms or in realistic-simulation laboratories. The certificate school students showed limited conceptions about health promotion, and an incipient process of skill development for its performance in professional practice. The nursing technicians’ conceptions and experiences showed that, in practice, health promotion actions are strongly influenced by the biologicist model and limited to educational actions concerning disease prevention and the verification of knowledge learned, with little criticism regarding the social determinants of the health-disease process, self-care promotion, individual rights issues and social participation. The apprehension of teachers’ and nurses’ perspectives concerning the training and practice of nursing technicians in health promotion confirmed the need to broaden the theoretical and practical approach to this topic in the training programs for these professionals in order to generate autonomy and empowerment over their own health so that they can also contribute to the development of such competencies in the users of the services where they perform. Concluding remarks: The findings in this study made it possible to highlight the need for greater institutional investment in nursing technical training regarding health promotion, presenting possibilities for approaching its premises in all its breadth and within the governability of teachers and nurses, aiming at the construction of transformative practices in daily work.
Introduction: In Brazil, health promotion emerges as a fundamental paradigm for the consolidation of the Unified Health System, and its approach is essential in the training processes of health care professionals, including nursing technicians. Objective: To analyze the professional training process and practice of nursing technicians in relation to health promotion, considering the perspective of students and professionals involved. Methodology: This is a qualitative study developed in a city in the State of São Paulo. Data were obtained by means of an integrative review of the literature and semi-structured interviews with nine nurse teachers and 20 students from the Nursing Certificate Program of a public school, 16 nurses and 32 nursing technicians from the basic health care network. Data from the interviews were treated by thematic content analysis. Results: The integrated analysis of the 25 publications included in the review revealed that the main topics to be addressed in the nursing training on health promotion are: health education, socio-cultural diversity, individual and collective vulnerabilities, and that the methodological strategies recommended are: active methods, interprofessional experiences, valorization of critical thinking, theoretical-practical and teaching-service-community integration, as well as on-site and/or virtual classes in classrooms or in realistic-simulation laboratories. The certificate school students showed limited conceptions about health promotion, and an incipient process of skill development for its performance in professional practice. The nursing technicians’ conceptions and experiences showed that, in practice, health promotion actions are strongly influenced by the biologicist model and limited to educational actions concerning disease prevention and the verification of knowledge learned, with little criticism regarding the social determinants of the health-disease process, self-care promotion, individual rights issues and social participation. The apprehension of teachers’ and nurses’ perspectives concerning the training and practice of nursing technicians in health promotion confirmed the need to broaden the theoretical and practical approach to this topic in the training programs for these professionals in order to generate autonomy and empowerment over their own health so that they can also contribute to the development of such competencies in the users of the services where they perform. Concluding remarks: The findings in this study made it possible to highlight the need for greater institutional investment in nursing technical training regarding health promotion, presenting possibilities for approaching its premises in all its breadth and within the governability of teachers and nurses, aiming at the construction of transformative practices in daily work.
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Palavras-chave
Promoção da Saúde, Capacitação Profissional, Pessoal Técnico de Saúde, Health Promotion, Professional Training, Health Care Technicians