Concepções e relatos de adolescentes com altas habilidades ou superdotação sobre aspectos psicossociais da sexualidade
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2018-08-14
Autores
Reis, Verônica Lima dos [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A sexualidade é uma vivência complexa da vida de qualquer pessoa e abrange, dentre outros aspectos, o amadurecimento do corpo, os sentimentos de afeto e amor, as práticas sexuais, a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. As discussões sobre educação sexual são intensas no cenário brasileiro, especialmente nos espaços educativos. Pessoas com Altas Habilidades ou Superdotação (AH/SD) podem apresentar dissincronismo no processo de desenvolvimento intelectual e afetivo. Este estudo, qualitativo-descritivo, de abordagem sociológica teve por objetivo geral verificar aspectos psicossociais da sexualidade de adolescentes com AH/SD, além de: revisar sistematicamente a literatura sobre aspectos psicossociais da sexualidade de adolescentes com AH/SD; investigar o acesso a informações sobre sexualidade, bem como questões da educação sexual desses adolescentes; analisar suas possíveis crenças e valores sexuais; levantar relatos sobre conhecimento, ações e atitudes diante da sexualidade; e, elaborar uma proposta para intervenção com orientações para programas de Educação Sexual Formal ao público de adolescentes com e sem AH/SD. O método foi dividido em três etapas: 1) Estudo teórico - revisão sistemática da literatura; 2) Estudo empírico – de campo; e, 3) Elaboração de Proposta de intervenção. Na 1ª etapa a coleta ocorreu nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual de Educação; Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde; Biblioteca Nacional; ERIC - Education Resources Information Center; Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Scopus; e, Web of Sciense. O critério de seleção foi enfocar a sexualidade e as AH/SD tendo adolescentes como participantes. A 2ª etapa contou com a participação de 12 adolescentes (seis do gênero masculino e seis do feminino) com idades entre 12 e 17 anos diagnosticados com AH/SD, sendo oito do tipo acadêmico e quatro do tipo produtivo-criativo (artes, desenho, dança e música) que responderam a um questionário online elaborado a partir de quatro eixos temáticos: caracterização, informações e concepções, crenças, saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Na 3ª etapa apresentou-se um programa de intervenção em Educação Sexual formal tendo como embasamento teórico as etapas de enriquecimento extracurricular propostas pela Teoria dos Três Anéis de Renzulli. Os resultados mostram que a literatura é carente de estudos sobre sexualidade de adolescentes com AH/SD, sendo encontrados apenas sete em base de dados internacionais; a família e a escola são as maiores fontes de informações sobre sexualidade; os conceitos e crenças sobre sexualidade retratam conhecimento científico; os participantes do gênero masculino apresentam estereótipos de beleza em relação a um corpo considerado bonito; os preservativos masculino e feminino são reconhecidos para a prevenção da gravidez (79,2%) e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (83,3%), enquanto outros métodos não foram diferenciados corretamente para a gravidez (49,4%). Consideram-se os resultados relevantes especialmente quando 11 dos(as) participantes sem vivência das práticas sexuais apresentam conhecimento teórico científico. A Educação Sexual formal e emancipatória pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento psicossocial de adolescentes com AH/SD, especialmente em trabalhos conjuntos com aqueles(as) sem AH/SD promovendo o desenvolvimento de todos.
Sexuality is a complex experience of the life of any person and includes, among other aspects, the maturing of the body, feelings of affection and love, sexual practices, sexual and reproductive health. The discussions about sex education are intense in the Brazilian scenario, especially in the educational spaces. People giftedness may present dyssynchronism in the process of intellectual and affective development. This qualitative-descriptive study of a sociological approach aimed to verify the psychosocial aspects of the sexuality of adolescents giftedness, in addition to: systematically review the literature on psychosocial aspects of sexuality of adolescents giftedness; investigate access to information on sexuality as well as sexual education issues of these adolescents; analyze their possible beliefs and sexual values; to report on knowledge, actions and attitudes towards sexuality; and, to elaborate a proposal for intervention with guidelines for programs of Formal Sexual Education to the public of adolescents. The method was divided in three stages: 1) Theoretical study - systematic review of the literature; 2) empirical - field study; and, 3) Elaboration of an intervention proposal. In the first stage the collection took place in the databases: Virtual Library of Education; Virtual Health Library; National Library; ERIC - Education Resources Information Center; Catalog of Thesis and Dissertations of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES); Scopus; and, Web of Sciense. The selection criterion was to focus on sexuality and having adolescents gifted as participants. The second stage involved the participation of 12 adolescents (6 males and 6 females) aged between 12 and 17 years diagnosed with giftedness, eight of them were academic and four were of the productive-creative type (arts, design, dance and music) who answered an online questionnaire elaborated from four thematic axes: characterization, information and conceptions, beliefs, sexual and reproductive health. In the third stage, an intervention program in formal sexual education was presented, based on the theoretical stages of extracurricular enrichment proposed by Renzulli's Three Ring Theory. The results show that the literature is lacking in studies on sexuality of adolescents giftedness, and only seven are found in international databases; the family and school are the major sources of information about sexuality; concepts and beliefs about sexuality depict scientific knowledge; male participants exhibit stereotypes of beauty in relation to a body considered beautiful; male and female condoms are recognized for the prevention of pregnancy (79.2%) and sexually transmitted infections (83.3%), while other methods were not correctly differentiated for pregnancy (49.4%). The relevant results are considered especially when 11 of the participants without experience of sexual practices present theoretical scientific knowledge. Formal and emancipatory sexual education can contribute to the psychosocial development of gifted adolescents, especially in working together with those without giftedness which can promote the development of all.
Sexuality is a complex experience of the life of any person and includes, among other aspects, the maturing of the body, feelings of affection and love, sexual practices, sexual and reproductive health. The discussions about sex education are intense in the Brazilian scenario, especially in the educational spaces. People giftedness may present dyssynchronism in the process of intellectual and affective development. This qualitative-descriptive study of a sociological approach aimed to verify the psychosocial aspects of the sexuality of adolescents giftedness, in addition to: systematically review the literature on psychosocial aspects of sexuality of adolescents giftedness; investigate access to information on sexuality as well as sexual education issues of these adolescents; analyze their possible beliefs and sexual values; to report on knowledge, actions and attitudes towards sexuality; and, to elaborate a proposal for intervention with guidelines for programs of Formal Sexual Education to the public of adolescents. The method was divided in three stages: 1) Theoretical study - systematic review of the literature; 2) empirical - field study; and, 3) Elaboration of an intervention proposal. In the first stage the collection took place in the databases: Virtual Library of Education; Virtual Health Library; National Library; ERIC - Education Resources Information Center; Catalog of Thesis and Dissertations of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES); Scopus; and, Web of Sciense. The selection criterion was to focus on sexuality and having adolescents gifted as participants. The second stage involved the participation of 12 adolescents (6 males and 6 females) aged between 12 and 17 years diagnosed with giftedness, eight of them were academic and four were of the productive-creative type (arts, design, dance and music) who answered an online questionnaire elaborated from four thematic axes: characterization, information and conceptions, beliefs, sexual and reproductive health. In the third stage, an intervention program in formal sexual education was presented, based on the theoretical stages of extracurricular enrichment proposed by Renzulli's Three Ring Theory. The results show that the literature is lacking in studies on sexuality of adolescents giftedness, and only seven are found in international databases; the family and school are the major sources of information about sexuality; concepts and beliefs about sexuality depict scientific knowledge; male participants exhibit stereotypes of beauty in relation to a body considered beautiful; male and female condoms are recognized for the prevention of pregnancy (79.2%) and sexually transmitted infections (83.3%), while other methods were not correctly differentiated for pregnancy (49.4%). The relevant results are considered especially when 11 of the participants without experience of sexual practices present theoretical scientific knowledge. Formal and emancipatory sexual education can contribute to the psychosocial development of gifted adolescents, especially in working together with those without giftedness which can promote the development of all.
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Palavras-chave
Sexualidade, Adolescência, Educação Sexual, Altas Habilidades, Superdotação, Sexuality, Sexual Education, Giftedness, Adolescence