Adaptação da metodologia de Fragilidade Ambiental para atividades de mineração de argila: um estudo de caso visando o planejamento territorial
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2018-10-11
Autores
Vieira, Paulo Henrique [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A partir da segunda metade do século XX, através da Conferência Ambiental de Estocolmo em 1972, as análises dos impactos ambientais decorrentes de atividades antrópicas, passaram a ter uma maior relevância nas questões acerca do meio ambiente. Fóruns e Congressos ambientais (Estocolmo 1972; Rio de Janeiro 1992, e demais anos) foram conduzidos, visando a criação de propostas para minimizar os efeitos nocivos que as ações antrópicas têm sobre o meio ambiente. Dentre as atividades antrópicas que provocam impactos ambientais, destaca-se a mineração. Tal atividade ocorre na área de estudo deste trabalho, o município de Cordeirópolis/SP, cujos impactos ambientais provenientes da mineração afetam diretamente a população local. O município de Cordeirópolis/SP, localiza-se na microrregião de Limeira, e a presença de reservas de argila foi determinante para a implantação de um Polo Cerâmico Industrial, especializado na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos. O Polo Cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes (PCSG) é o maior do Continente Americano, e inclui os município de Araras, Cordeirópolis, Iracemápolis, Limeira, Piracicaba, Rio Claro e Santa Gertrudes, sendo responsável por gerar 15 mil empregos diretos; atualmente abrange 34 industrias cerâmicas, sendo que 10 dessas localizam-se em Cordeirópolis/SP. Simultaneamente ao crescimento industrial e a mineração, se intensificaram os problemas ambientais como poluição da água, solo e ar; poluição sonora; retirada da cobertura vegetal; rebaixamento do lençol freático; entre outros. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal adaptar e avaliar a proposta de fragilidade ambiental de Ross (1994), em áreas de mineração através da fragilidade ambiental natural e emergente do município de Cordeirópolis/SP, entende-se como fragilidade a susceptibilidade de um local a qualquer tipo de dano, causado por condições naturais ou ação antrópica. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho adotou-se procedimentos metodológicos equivalentes a revisão bibliográfica, métodos de Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), os quais permitiram a elaboração de mapeamentos temáticos no ArcGIS 10.3, como também a análise de dados de forma inter-relacionada, visando o estudo da fragilidade ambiental em Cordeirópolis/SP. Para a produção do mapa de fragilidade ambiental natural (unidade ecodinâmica estável), realizou-se a sobreposição dos mapas de litologia, solos e declividade e posteriormente integrou-se o mapa de uso e ocupação das terras para a analisar a influência da atividade antrópica (unidade ecodinâmica instável), ou seja, a fragilidade emergente de Cordeirópolis/SP; para a produção destes mapas baseou-se na metodologia de análise empírica da fragilidade de Ross (1994); os mapas de fragilidade ambiental foram divididos em classes temáticas (muito fraca; fraca; média; forte; muito forte), as quais evidenciam os diferentes níveis de fragilidade do município de Cordeirópolis/SP. Dessa forma, acredita-se que a identificação dos locais de fragilidade pode auxiliar na definição das diretrizes a serem implementadas e nortear o planejamento ambiental do município.
From the second half of the twentieth century, through the Stockholm Environmental Conference in 1972, analyzes of the environmental impacts of anthropic activities have become more relevant to environmental issues. Environmental forums and congresses (Stockholm 1972, Rio de Janeiro 1992, and other years) were conducted, aiming at creating proposals to minimize the harmful effects that anthropic actions have on the environment. Among the anthropic activities that cause environmental impacts, mining stands out. This activity occurs in the study area of this work, the municipality of Cordeirópolis/SP, whose environmental impacts from mining directly affect the local population. The city of Cordeirópolis/SP, is located in the Limeira microregion, and the presence of clay reserves was determinant for the implantation of an Industrial Ceramic Pole, specialized in the production of ceramic coatings. The Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Complex (PCSG) is the largest in the Americas, and includes the municipalities of Araras, Cordeirópolis, Iracemápolis, Limeira, Piracicaba, Rio Claro and Santa Gertrudes, and is responsible for generating 15,000 direct jobs; currently covers 34 ceramic industries, 10 of which are located in Cordeirópolis/SP. Simultaneously with industrial growth and mining, environmental problems such as water, soil and air pollution have intensified; noise pollution; removal of plant cover; retraction of the water table; among others. Thus, the main objective of this work was to adapt and evaluate the proposed environmental fragility of Ross (1994), in mining areas through the natural and emerging environmental fragility of the municipality of Cordeirópolis/SP, it is understood as fragility the susceptibility of a local to any kind of damage, caused by natural conditions or anthropic action. For the development of the work, methodological procedures equivalent to bibliographical revision, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methods were adopted, which allowed the development of thematic mappings in ArcGIS 10.3, as well as the analysis of data in an inter- related, aiming the study of environmental fragility in Cordeirópolis/SP. For the production of the map of natural environmental fragility (stable ecodynamic unit), the maps of lithology, soil and slope were overlapped and later the map of land use and occupation was integrated to analyze the influence of anthropic activity ( unstable ecodynamic unit), that is, the emergent fragility of Cordeirópolis/SP; for the production of these maps was based on the methodology of empirical analysis of the fragility of Ross (1994); the maps of environmental fragility were divided into thematic classes (very weak, weak, medium, strong, very strong), which show the different levels of fragility of the municipality of Cordeirópolis/SP. In this way, it is believed that the identification of fragility sites can help in the definition of the guidelines to be implemented and guide the city's environmental planning.
From the second half of the twentieth century, through the Stockholm Environmental Conference in 1972, analyzes of the environmental impacts of anthropic activities have become more relevant to environmental issues. Environmental forums and congresses (Stockholm 1972, Rio de Janeiro 1992, and other years) were conducted, aiming at creating proposals to minimize the harmful effects that anthropic actions have on the environment. Among the anthropic activities that cause environmental impacts, mining stands out. This activity occurs in the study area of this work, the municipality of Cordeirópolis/SP, whose environmental impacts from mining directly affect the local population. The city of Cordeirópolis/SP, is located in the Limeira microregion, and the presence of clay reserves was determinant for the implantation of an Industrial Ceramic Pole, specialized in the production of ceramic coatings. The Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Complex (PCSG) is the largest in the Americas, and includes the municipalities of Araras, Cordeirópolis, Iracemápolis, Limeira, Piracicaba, Rio Claro and Santa Gertrudes, and is responsible for generating 15,000 direct jobs; currently covers 34 ceramic industries, 10 of which are located in Cordeirópolis/SP. Simultaneously with industrial growth and mining, environmental problems such as water, soil and air pollution have intensified; noise pollution; removal of plant cover; retraction of the water table; among others. Thus, the main objective of this work was to adapt and evaluate the proposed environmental fragility of Ross (1994), in mining areas through the natural and emerging environmental fragility of the municipality of Cordeirópolis/SP, it is understood as fragility the susceptibility of a local to any kind of damage, caused by natural conditions or anthropic action. For the development of the work, methodological procedures equivalent to bibliographical revision, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methods were adopted, which allowed the development of thematic mappings in ArcGIS 10.3, as well as the analysis of data in an inter- related, aiming the study of environmental fragility in Cordeirópolis/SP. For the production of the map of natural environmental fragility (stable ecodynamic unit), the maps of lithology, soil and slope were overlapped and later the map of land use and occupation was integrated to analyze the influence of anthropic activity ( unstable ecodynamic unit), that is, the emergent fragility of Cordeirópolis/SP; for the production of these maps was based on the methodology of empirical analysis of the fragility of Ross (1994); the maps of environmental fragility were divided into thematic classes (very weak, weak, medium, strong, very strong), which show the different levels of fragility of the municipality of Cordeirópolis/SP. In this way, it is believed that the identification of fragility sites can help in the definition of the guidelines to be implemented and guide the city's environmental planning.
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Indústrias cerâmicas, Mineração, Fragilidade ambiental, Ceramic industries, Mining, Environmental fragility