A implantação de grandes indústrias de capitais nacionais e internacionais na cidade pequena de Extrema (MG): processos, fatores e agentes
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Data
2018-10-17
Autores
Oliveira, Elias Mendes [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A compreensão das mudanças recentes na repartição geográfica das unidades produtivas demanda a abordagem multiescalar dos eventos que condicionam a dinâmica locacional das indústrias nas diferentes escalas geográficas. Na escala global, a internacionalização do capital e da produção, a reestruturação produtiva das empresas e a globalização acentuaram a disjunção espacial do processo produtivo e possibilitaram a conformação de circuitos espaciais de produção e de círculos de cooperação coordenados pelas multinacionais. Simultaneamente, a desconcentração industrial e a guerra fiscal dos lugares integraram novas áreas ao processo produtivo, modificando o padrão regional de distribuição das indústrias no Brasil. Tais processos aprofundaram a divisão territorial do trabalho da indústria na direção de algumas cidades pequenas brasileiras, tradicionalmente concebidas como últimos elos na transição urbano-rural e associadas às atividades agrícolas. Nesse sentido, a implantação de grandes indústrias nacionais e internacionais em Extrema, nas últimas décadas, revela a complexidade crescente das relações e do espaço industrial no Brasil. De modo geral, os grandes investimentos da indústria foram motivados pela localização estratégica da cidade, às margens da Rodovia Fernão Dias (BR 381), pelos baixos salários e pelos esforços de diversos agentes sociais - Governo de Minas Gerais, Prefeitura Municipal de Extrema, sindicato patronal etc. – na criação de condições propícias para o desenvolvimento industrial no município. Na prática, esses fatores locacionais contribuem para a reprodução ampliada dos capitais da indústria, porque reduzem os custos das fases mais padronizadas da produção, como a transformação e a montagem industrial. Assim sendo, a emergência de Extrema como lócus da produção propriamente dita de grandes indústrias revela a capacidade dos agentes hegemônicos de proceder ao uso corporativo do território no atual estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas e das relações sociais de produção. Entre os principais efeitos do atual ciclo de crescimento industrial em Extrema destacam-se: a diversificação econômica, a expansão demográfica e urbana, a elevação da capacidade tributária, os movimentos migratórios (êxodo rural, deslocamentos pendulares e inter-regionais), o acréscimo de centralidade na rede urbana, o aumento da especulação imobiliária, a sobrecarga nas infraestruturas e serviços urbanos e a elevação dos custos médios de vida. Os principais procedimentos metodológicos utilizados no desenvolvimento desta investigação científica foram: revisão bibliográfica de temas como industrialização e cidades pequenas, levantamento e análise de dados primários e secundários sobre a economia, a demografia e o uso industrial do território em Extrema, aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto ao Poder Público Municipal, aos sindicatos dos trabalhadores e ao sindicato patronal das indústrias e formação de acervo cartográfico e fotográfico dos espaços industriais no município.
The understanding of the recent changes in the geographical distribution of productive units demands the multiscale approach of the events that condition the locational dynamics of the industries in the different geographic scales. At the global scale, the internationalization of capital and production, the productive restructuring of enterprises and globalization have accentuated the spatial disjunction of the productive process and enabled the formation of space production circuits and cooperation circles coordinated by multinationals. Simultaneously, the industrial de-concentration and fiscal war of the places integrated new areas to the productive process, modifying the regional pattern of distribution of the industries in Brazil. Such processes have deepened the territorial division of labor in the industry towards some small Brazilian towns, traditionally conceived as the last links in urban-rural transition and associated with agricultural activities. In this sense, the implantation of large national and international industries in Extrema in recent decades reveals the increasing complexity of relations and industrial space in Brazil. In general, the great investments of the industry were motivated by the strategic location of the small town, on the margins of Fernão Dias Highway (BR 381), the low salaries and the efforts of various social agents - Minas Gerais Government, Extrema City Hall, employers etc. - creating favorable conditions for industrial development in the municipality. In practice, these locational factors contribute to the expanded reproduction of industrial capitals, because they reduce the costs of more standardized production phases, such as transformation and industrial assembly. Therefore, the emergence of Extrema as the locus of the actual production of large industries reveals the ability of hegemonic agents to proceed to the corporate use of territory in the current stage of development of productive forces and social relations of production. Among the main effects of the current cycle of industrial growth in Extrema are: economic diversification, demographic and urban expansion, rising tax capacity, migratory movements (rural exodus, commuting and interregional movements), centrality in the urban network, increased real estate speculation, overburden in urban infrastructure and services, and rising average living costs. The main methodological procedures used in the development of this scientific research were: bibliographical review of topics such as industrialization and small towns, survey and analysis of primary and secondary data on the economy, demography and industrial use of the territory in Extrema, application of semi-structured interviews along with the Municipal Public Power, to the workers' unions and to the employers union of the industries and the formation of cartographic and photographic collection of the industrial spaces in the municipality.
The understanding of the recent changes in the geographical distribution of productive units demands the multiscale approach of the events that condition the locational dynamics of the industries in the different geographic scales. At the global scale, the internationalization of capital and production, the productive restructuring of enterprises and globalization have accentuated the spatial disjunction of the productive process and enabled the formation of space production circuits and cooperation circles coordinated by multinationals. Simultaneously, the industrial de-concentration and fiscal war of the places integrated new areas to the productive process, modifying the regional pattern of distribution of the industries in Brazil. Such processes have deepened the territorial division of labor in the industry towards some small Brazilian towns, traditionally conceived as the last links in urban-rural transition and associated with agricultural activities. In this sense, the implantation of large national and international industries in Extrema in recent decades reveals the increasing complexity of relations and industrial space in Brazil. In general, the great investments of the industry were motivated by the strategic location of the small town, on the margins of Fernão Dias Highway (BR 381), the low salaries and the efforts of various social agents - Minas Gerais Government, Extrema City Hall, employers etc. - creating favorable conditions for industrial development in the municipality. In practice, these locational factors contribute to the expanded reproduction of industrial capitals, because they reduce the costs of more standardized production phases, such as transformation and industrial assembly. Therefore, the emergence of Extrema as the locus of the actual production of large industries reveals the ability of hegemonic agents to proceed to the corporate use of territory in the current stage of development of productive forces and social relations of production. Among the main effects of the current cycle of industrial growth in Extrema are: economic diversification, demographic and urban expansion, rising tax capacity, migratory movements (rural exodus, commuting and interregional movements), centrality in the urban network, increased real estate speculation, overburden in urban infrastructure and services, and rising average living costs. The main methodological procedures used in the development of this scientific research were: bibliographical review of topics such as industrialization and small towns, survey and analysis of primary and secondary data on the economy, demography and industrial use of the territory in Extrema, application of semi-structured interviews along with the Municipal Public Power, to the workers' unions and to the employers union of the industries and the formation of cartographic and photographic collection of the industrial spaces in the municipality.
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Palavras-chave
Industrialização, Dinâmica locacional das indústrias, Cidades pequenas, Industrialization, Locational dynamics of industries, Small towns