Migração e trabalho na contemporaneidade: os haitianos no Oeste do Paraná
Data
2019-03-01
Autores
Bortoloto, Claudimara Cassoli [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Essa pesquisa analisa o processo de imigração e trabalho dos Haitianos no Oeste do Paraná. Os primeiros imigrantes chegaram em 2012 trazidos do Acre por empresários locais para suprir a carência de trabalho manual inicialmente na construção civil. A falta de mão de obra delineou as primeiras migrações de haitianos para a região, fortalecida posteriormente com as redes de apoio. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, com utilização da pesquisa de campo, foram realizadas 60 entrevistas a fim de testar a hipótese se os empreendimentos frigoríficos privados têm contribuído para atrair a imigração haitiana no Oeste do Paraná. O município de Cascavel-PR foi selecionado como amostra por ser a cidade com o maior número de haitianos do Estado. Como resultados dessa pesquisa, destacam-se: a desconstrução do mito da crise migratória e sua importância enquanto ideologia para ocultar a existência de uma crise humanitária, com políticas estatais reduzidas ao fechamento das fronteiras e transgressão dos direitos humanos. Os imigrantes haitianos no Oeste do Paraná são força de trabalho substituta e disponíveis nos frigoríficos com organização produtiva baseada no fordismo/taylorismo que demandam mão de obra abundante, trabalho simplificado e intensa exploração da força de trabalho. Também constatou-se a vinculação dos frigoríficos à globalização, os quais sob o pseudo conceito de cooperativas, ocultam a presença de trustes na região ao passo que os representam e definem o preço da força de trabalho nos frigoríficos. Como consequência desse mesmo processo, ocorre dessa forma a captura do Estado pelas grandes corporações por meio de investimentos públicos consubstanciados de diversas ordens, enquanto o Estado se mantém praticamente ausente na formulação de políticas de migração. Esse estudo demonstrou também a importância do fluxo migratório haitiano para a construção de políticas migratórias, com destaque para o visto humanitário e a Nova Lei de Migração vigente desde Novembro de 2017. Essa Lei incorpora os direitos humanos e visa superar a pecha até então presente no Estatuto do Estrangeiro que concebia o imigrante como ameaça nacional. Além disso, destaca os desafios de ser imigrante na periferia, pautado nos baixos salários, na redução dos ganhos, elevado custo de vida, e alto índice de desemprego entre haitianos, o que tem precarizado as condições de vida no Brasil. Ademais, a pesquisa identificou a hegemônica incorporação dos haitianos no frigorífico Coopavel e simultaneamente constatou o fechamento do sistema produtivo nos demais setores do Município. A submissão do trabalho em frigoríficos se coloca como única alternativa de inserção produtiva, quando essa também não se fecha. Associado à manutenção de picos migratórios desde 2014, um quantitativo de 58% dos entrevistados chegaram diretamente em Cascavel, o que caracteriza a importância das redes de apoio como familiares e étnicas para impulsionar esse fenômeno na região.
This research analyses the process of immigration of Haitians to the West of Paraná. The first immigrants from Haiti came in 2012, brought from the state of Acre by local employers to work in civil construction to overcome the labour shortage in this field. The process of immigration was later strengthned by local support nets. Through qualitative research and field research, 60 interviews were made in order to test the the following assumption the local cold stores have been contributed to push the immigration process through in the West of Paraná. The city of Cascavel was chosen as a sample because it is the city where there are the largest number of Haitians in the state. As a result of this research, it is worth stressing the dispelling of the myth of the migration crisis and its importance as an ideology created to hide the existence of a humanitarian crisis, with state policies reduced to borders closing and transgression of human rights. The Haitian immigrants in the West of Paraná are a substitute and available labour force to work in the cold stores, which productivity is based on the Fordism and Taylorism. The work is simplified and the exploitation of the labor force is intense. It was also found the link between the cold stores and globalization. The cold stores also hide the presence of trusts in the region under the false concept of a farm cooperative. They represent and define the price of the labour force in the cold stores. As a result of this process, there is a capture of the State funds by the great corporations. Although they use substantiated public investments, the State government is practically absent in creating migration policies. This study has also demonstrated the importance of the Haitian migratory flow to the creation of migratory policies as the Humanitarian Visa and the New Law of Migration, applicable since 2017. This law incorporates the human rights and intends to overcome the vision of the immigrant as a national threat. The present study highlights the challenges of been an immigrant in the suburbs, with low pay, limited profits, high living expenses and high unemployment profits, which have been cause precarious living conditions in Brazil. Also, this research identified the hegemonic integration of Haitians in Coopavel cold store and concurrently found the closing of the productive system in other areas of the city to them. The submission of the work in the cold stores, when it is available, becomes the only labour alternative to the immigrants. Associated to the maintance of the migratory peak levels since 2014, an amount of 58% of the surveyed came directly to Cascavel city, which shows the importance of family and ethnic support nets to boost this phenomenon in the region.
This research analyses the process of immigration of Haitians to the West of Paraná. The first immigrants from Haiti came in 2012, brought from the state of Acre by local employers to work in civil construction to overcome the labour shortage in this field. The process of immigration was later strengthned by local support nets. Through qualitative research and field research, 60 interviews were made in order to test the the following assumption the local cold stores have been contributed to push the immigration process through in the West of Paraná. The city of Cascavel was chosen as a sample because it is the city where there are the largest number of Haitians in the state. As a result of this research, it is worth stressing the dispelling of the myth of the migration crisis and its importance as an ideology created to hide the existence of a humanitarian crisis, with state policies reduced to borders closing and transgression of human rights. The Haitian immigrants in the West of Paraná are a substitute and available labour force to work in the cold stores, which productivity is based on the Fordism and Taylorism. The work is simplified and the exploitation of the labor force is intense. It was also found the link between the cold stores and globalization. The cold stores also hide the presence of trusts in the region under the false concept of a farm cooperative. They represent and define the price of the labour force in the cold stores. As a result of this process, there is a capture of the State funds by the great corporations. Although they use substantiated public investments, the State government is practically absent in creating migration policies. This study has also demonstrated the importance of the Haitian migratory flow to the creation of migratory policies as the Humanitarian Visa and the New Law of Migration, applicable since 2017. This law incorporates the human rights and intends to overcome the vision of the immigrant as a national threat. The present study highlights the challenges of been an immigrant in the suburbs, with low pay, limited profits, high living expenses and high unemployment profits, which have been cause precarious living conditions in Brazil. Also, this research identified the hegemonic integration of Haitians in Coopavel cold store and concurrently found the closing of the productive system in other areas of the city to them. The submission of the work in the cold stores, when it is available, becomes the only labour alternative to the immigrants. Associated to the maintance of the migratory peak levels since 2014, an amount of 58% of the surveyed came directly to Cascavel city, which shows the importance of family and ethnic support nets to boost this phenomenon in the region.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Imigração haitiana, Globalização, Trabalho, Frigoríficos