Produtividade, qualidade e eficiência de uso do nitrogênio de cultivares de feijoeiro comum
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2019-04-11
Autores
Leal, Fábio Tiraboschi [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O feijão é a principal fonte de proteína das populações de países subdesenvolvidos, e o nitrogênio (N) é um dos nutrientes que mais determina a produtividade dessa cultura. A qualidade dos seus grãos pode ser influenciada pelo manejo agrícola e pelas cultivares. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho: a) avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura na produtividade de grãos de cultivares de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); b) classificar essas cultivares quanto à eficiência no uso e responsividade a aplicação do N; e c) avaliar os efeitos de baixa e alta dose de N em cobertura nos atributos qualitativos dos grãos de cultivares de feijoeiro comum, e indicar as cultivares com melhores características tecnológicas dos grãos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 16 cultivares de feijoeiro comum de grão comercial carioca: ANFc 9, BRSMG Uai, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madrepérola, Pérola, BRS FC402, IAC Alvorada, IAC Milênio, IAC Sintonia, IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Curió, IPR Celeiro, IPR Maracanã, TAA Dama e TAA Bola Cheia. As subparcelas foram compostas por duas doses de N: 20 e 120 kg ha-1 de N aplicados em cobertura por ocasião da emissão da terceira folha trifoliada. As avaliações realizadas relacionadas ao desempenho agronômico e à eficiência de uso e resposta ao N foram número de vagens por planta e de grãos por vagem, massa de cem grãos, massa seca da parte aérea no florescimento pleno (estádio fenológico R6), massa seca da palha na maturidade fisiológica (estádio fenológico R9) e produtividade de grãos. Com base na massa seca e nos teores do nutriente em R6 e R9, e nos grãos em R9, foram calculados os acúmulos de N na parte aérea e nos grãos. Foram calculadas as eficiências agronômica, fisiológica, agrofisiológica, de recuperação e de utilização do N. As avaliações de qualidade dos grãos realizadas foram rendimento de peneira, produção relativa de grãos em peneira, teor de proteína bruta, volume final de água absorvido, tempo para máxima hidratação, relação de hidratação, tempo de cozimento e resistência ao cozimento dos grãos de feijão. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, e as médias agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Realizou-se o estudo de correlação simples entre as variáveis produtividade de grãos, número de vagens por planta e de grãos por vagem, massa seca de cem grãos, massa seca da palha em R9, acúmulos de N na parte aérea em R6 e R9 e nos grãos em R9. Utilizou-se a análise multivariada por componentes principais para separação das cultivares em grupos quanto à tecnologia dos grãos. A produtividade de grãos de feijoeiro comum é dependente da interação cultivar e dose de nitrogênio. A cultivar BRSMG Uai destaca-se pelas maiores eficiências agronômica, fisiológica, de recuperação e de utilização. Os genótipos BRSMG Uai, BRS FC402, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Maracanã e TAA Bola Cheia são eficientes e responsivos a aplicação de N em cobertura. Os atributos qualitativos dos grãos de feijão são mais influenciados pela cultivar utilizada do que pelas doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. As cultivares BRSMG Uai, IAC Alvorada, TAA Dama e TAA Bola Cheia têm as melhores características de qualidade dos grãos.
Common beans are the main source of protein in underdeveloped countries, and nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients the most determine the yield of this crop. The quality of its grains can be influenced by agricultural management and cultivars. This study aimed to: a) evaluate the effect of nitrogen topdressing rates on grain yield of common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); b) classify these cultivars regarding use efficiency and responsivity to application of N; c) evaluate the effects of low and high rates of N topdressing on the qualitative attributes of common bean cultivars, and indicate the cultivars with better grain technological characteristics. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in split-plot scheme, with four replicates. Plots consisted of 16 cultivars of common beans commercially classified as ‘Carioca’: ANFc 9, BRSMG Uai, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madrepérola, Pérola, BRS FC402, IAC Alvorada, IAC Milênio, IAC Sintonia, IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Curió, IPR Celeiro, IPR Maracanã, TAA Dama e TAA Bola Cheia. Subplots comprised two doses of N: 20 and 120 kg ha-1 of N applied as top-dressing on the occasion of the emission of the third trifoliate leaf. The evaluations related to agronomic performance and use efficiency and responsivity to N were number of pods per plant and grains per pod, hundred-grain weight, shoots dry matter at full flowering (phenological stage R6), straw dry matter at physiological maturity (phenological stage R9) and grain yield. Based on the shoots dry matter and its nutrient contents at R6 and R9, and on the grains at R9, the N accumulations were calculated in shoots and grains. The agronomic, physiological, agro-physiological, recovery and use efficiencies of N were calculated. The evaluations of grains quality performed were sieve yield, relative sieve grain yield, crude protein content, final volume of water absorbed, time for maximum hydration, hydration ratio, cooking time and cooking resistance of grains. The results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and the means grouped by the Scott-Knott. The study of simple correlation was conducted between grain yield, number of pods per plant and grain per pod, hundred-grain weight, straw dry matter at R9, accumulations of N in the shoot at R6 and R9 and grains at R9. Principal components by multivariate analysis was used to separate of cultivars into groups for grain technology. The grain yield of common bean is dependent on the interaction cultivar and nitrogen rate. The cultivar BRSMG Uai stands out with highest agronomic, physiological, recovery and use efficiencies. The genotypes BRSMG Uai, BRS FC402, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Maracanã and TAA Bola Cheia are efficient and responsive to top-dressing N application. The qualitative attributes of common bean grains are more influenced by the cultivar used than by the nitrogen top-dressing rates. The cultivars BRSMG Uai, IAC Alvorada, TAA Dama and TAA Bola Cheia have the best characteristics of grain quality.
Common beans are the main source of protein in underdeveloped countries, and nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients the most determine the yield of this crop. The quality of its grains can be influenced by agricultural management and cultivars. This study aimed to: a) evaluate the effect of nitrogen topdressing rates on grain yield of common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); b) classify these cultivars regarding use efficiency and responsivity to application of N; c) evaluate the effects of low and high rates of N topdressing on the qualitative attributes of common bean cultivars, and indicate the cultivars with better grain technological characteristics. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in split-plot scheme, with four replicates. Plots consisted of 16 cultivars of common beans commercially classified as ‘Carioca’: ANFc 9, BRSMG Uai, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madrepérola, Pérola, BRS FC402, IAC Alvorada, IAC Milênio, IAC Sintonia, IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Curió, IPR Celeiro, IPR Maracanã, TAA Dama e TAA Bola Cheia. Subplots comprised two doses of N: 20 and 120 kg ha-1 of N applied as top-dressing on the occasion of the emission of the third trifoliate leaf. The evaluations related to agronomic performance and use efficiency and responsivity to N were number of pods per plant and grains per pod, hundred-grain weight, shoots dry matter at full flowering (phenological stage R6), straw dry matter at physiological maturity (phenological stage R9) and grain yield. Based on the shoots dry matter and its nutrient contents at R6 and R9, and on the grains at R9, the N accumulations were calculated in shoots and grains. The agronomic, physiological, agro-physiological, recovery and use efficiencies of N were calculated. The evaluations of grains quality performed were sieve yield, relative sieve grain yield, crude protein content, final volume of water absorbed, time for maximum hydration, hydration ratio, cooking time and cooking resistance of grains. The results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and the means grouped by the Scott-Knott. The study of simple correlation was conducted between grain yield, number of pods per plant and grain per pod, hundred-grain weight, straw dry matter at R9, accumulations of N in the shoot at R6 and R9 and grains at R9. Principal components by multivariate analysis was used to separate of cultivars into groups for grain technology. The grain yield of common bean is dependent on the interaction cultivar and nitrogen rate. The cultivar BRSMG Uai stands out with highest agronomic, physiological, recovery and use efficiencies. The genotypes BRSMG Uai, BRS FC402, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Maracanã and TAA Bola Cheia are efficient and responsive to top-dressing N application. The qualitative attributes of common bean grains are more influenced by the cultivar used than by the nitrogen top-dressing rates. The cultivars BRSMG Uai, IAC Alvorada, TAA Dama and TAA Bola Cheia have the best characteristics of grain quality.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Acúmulo de nitrogênio, Adubação nitrogenada, Desempenho agronômico, Genótipos, Phaseolus vulgaris L., tecnologia dos grãos