As quatro operações matemáticas: das dificuldades ao processo ensino e aprendizagem
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Data
2019-04-05
Autores
Rodrigues, Andressa Carla
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No decorrer dos anos, pelas experiências vivenciadas em sala de aula, nos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental e no Ensino Médio, cada vez mais foram observadas dificuldades dos alunos nos cálculos simples, em problemas na matemática e na física. Erros conceituais, nos algoritmos, motivaram-nos a escrever este trabalho para auxiliar professores no processo ensino e aprendizagem das quatro operações no conjunto dos números naturais, a fim de amenizar as dificuldades dos alunos. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar e diagnosticar dificuldades nos cálculos que envolvem as operações fundamentais e básicas da matemática, aprimorando a forma de ensiná-las aos alunos. Conceitos importantes serão apresentados, como o sistema de numeração decimal, a definição do conjunto dos números naturais e as quatro operações matemáticas. Os algoritmos da decomposição e usual serão explorados com o uso do ábaco de papel e com o material dourado, destacando-se as propriedades associativa e comutativa da adição, assim como as distributiva, associativa e comutativa da multiplicação. Considerando as dificuldades apresentadas no diagnóstico, propõem-se atividades com o material dourado explorando conceitos e instigando o uso dos algoritmos para a compreensão das trocas das ordens, quando necessário. Em síntese, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia alternativa para melhorar o desempenho dos alunos nos cálculos que envolvem as quatro operações.
Over the years, experiences in the classroom, the Final Years of Elementary School and High School have seen more and more difficulties for students in simple calculations, problems in mathematics and in physics. Conceptual errors in the algorithms motivated us to write this work to help teachers in the teaching and learning process of the four operations in the set of natural numbers in order to ease the students' difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and diagnose difficulties in calculations involving fundamental and basic mathematical operations, improving the way students are taught. Important concepts will be presented, such as the decimal numbering system, the definition of the set of natural numbers and the four mathematical operations. The usual decomposition algorithms will be explored with the use of the paper abacus and the gold material, emphasizing the associative and commutative properties of addition, as well as the distributive, associative and commutative multiplication. Considering the difficulties presented in the diagnosis, activities are proposed with the golden material exploring concepts and instigating the use of the algorithms to understand the order exchanges, when necessary. In summary, this paper presents an alternative methodology to improve students' performance in the calculations involving the four operations.
Over the years, experiences in the classroom, the Final Years of Elementary School and High School have seen more and more difficulties for students in simple calculations, problems in mathematics and in physics. Conceptual errors in the algorithms motivated us to write this work to help teachers in the teaching and learning process of the four operations in the set of natural numbers in order to ease the students' difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and diagnose difficulties in calculations involving fundamental and basic mathematical operations, improving the way students are taught. Important concepts will be presented, such as the decimal numbering system, the definition of the set of natural numbers and the four mathematical operations. The usual decomposition algorithms will be explored with the use of the paper abacus and the gold material, emphasizing the associative and commutative properties of addition, as well as the distributive, associative and commutative multiplication. Considering the difficulties presented in the diagnosis, activities are proposed with the golden material exploring concepts and instigating the use of the algorithms to understand the order exchanges, when necessary. In summary, this paper presents an alternative methodology to improve students' performance in the calculations involving the four operations.
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Palavras-chave
Números naturais, Operações e propriedades, Algoritmos da decomposição e usual, Material dourado, Ensino e aprendizagem, Natural numbers, Operations and properties, Decomposition and usual algorithms, Gold material, Teaching and learning