Taxonomia e biogeografia de aranhas cavernícolas da infraordem Mygalomorphae
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Data
2019-02-28
Autores
Rossi, Giullia de Freitas
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As cavernas são espaços naturais em rochas que permitem o acesso humano ao meio subterrâneo. Elas são tradicionalmente divididas em três zonas; entrada, penumbra e afótica, está é caracterizada pela ausência completa de luz. Os animais subterrâneos podem ser classificados em: troglóbios, troglófilos e trogloxenos. Existem mais de 48.000 espécies de aranhas, sendo animais frequentes em cavernas de todo mundo. Na Ordem Araneae, a infraorfem Mygalomorphae possui um conhecimento incipiente sobre sua presença em cavernas e, diante disso, os objetivos desse trabalho são: elaborar uma lista de espécies por famílias de aranhas Mygalomorphae encontradas em cavernas; mapear a distribuição geográfica; desenvolver chaves de identificações até nível de gênero de aranhas Mygalomorphae encontrados em cavernas; verificar se fatores, como o tipo de bioma, litologia, altitude, precipitação e temperatura podem explicar a composição de espécies de aranhas Mygalomorphae, distribuídas em diferentes comunidades espalhadas pelo Brasil. Foi examinado o material de 264 cavidades subterrâneas, em 58 municípios de dez estados mais Distrito Federal, totalizando 29 machos adultos, 162 fêmeas adultas e 177 jovens. Foram 68 espécies pertencentes a nove famílias. Todas as famílias identificadas no presente trabalho já possuem registros em cavidades. As aranhas Mygalomorphae possuem todo o potencial para serem troglófilas. Elas são animais noturnos, generalistas e predadores, que utilizam quimio e mecanorreceptores na procura de parceiros e alimento. Assim, se não houver escassez alimentar, esses animais conseguem completar o seu ciclo de vida nesses locais.
Caves are natural voids in rocks that allow human access to the underground environment. They are traditionally divided into three zones; the entrance, twilight and aphotic zones. In the aphotic zone, total darkness predominates. Subterranean animals can be classified into: troglobites, troglophiles, and trogloxenes. There are more than 48.000 species of spiders and they are very common animals worldwide. In the Order Araneae, the Mygalomorphae infraorder has an incipient knowledge of its presence in caves. In view of this, the objectives of this study are: to elaborate a list of species by families of Mygalomorphae found in caves; to map the geographic distribution; develop identification keys to the level of genus of Mygalomorphae spiders found in caves; to verify if factors such as biome, lithology, altitude, precipitation and temperature can explain the composition of species of Mygalomorphae spiders, distributed in different communities in Brazil. Material from 264 underground cavities was examined, from 58 municipalities in ten states and the Distrito Federal, totalizing 29 adult males, 162 adult females and 177 juveniles. There were 68 species belonging to nine families. All families identified in the present study already had records in cavities. Mygalomorphae spiders are potential troglophiles animals. They are nocturnal, generalists and predators, who often use chemo and mechanoreceptors in search of partners and food. Thus, if there is no food scarcity, these animals can complete their life cycle at these locations.
Caves are natural voids in rocks that allow human access to the underground environment. They are traditionally divided into three zones; the entrance, twilight and aphotic zones. In the aphotic zone, total darkness predominates. Subterranean animals can be classified into: troglobites, troglophiles, and trogloxenes. There are more than 48.000 species of spiders and they are very common animals worldwide. In the Order Araneae, the Mygalomorphae infraorder has an incipient knowledge of its presence in caves. In view of this, the objectives of this study are: to elaborate a list of species by families of Mygalomorphae found in caves; to map the geographic distribution; develop identification keys to the level of genus of Mygalomorphae spiders found in caves; to verify if factors such as biome, lithology, altitude, precipitation and temperature can explain the composition of species of Mygalomorphae spiders, distributed in different communities in Brazil. Material from 264 underground cavities was examined, from 58 municipalities in ten states and the Distrito Federal, totalizing 29 adult males, 162 adult females and 177 juveniles. There were 68 species belonging to nine families. All families identified in the present study already had records in cavities. Mygalomorphae spiders are potential troglophiles animals. They are nocturnal, generalists and predators, who often use chemo and mechanoreceptors in search of partners and food. Thus, if there is no food scarcity, these animals can complete their life cycle at these locations.
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Palavras-chave
Hábitats hipógeos, Exaptações, Troglomorfismos, Hypogean habitats, Exaptations, Troglomorphisms