A questão da neutralidade nas relações Rússia-Sérvia
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Data
2019-04-30
Autores
Menezes, Gustavo Oliveira Teles de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O trabalho tem como objeto a perspectiva da Rússia sobre a neutralidade da Sérvia, isto é, a política do país balcânico de não entrada em alianças militares como a OTAN e seu não alinhamento às políticas ocidentais contrárias à Rússia, como sanções e outras resoluções de caráter oficial, que implicam a potencial limitação da integração da Sérvia à União Europeia. Precisamente, objetiva-se compreender: as motivações de tal postura por parte da Rússia com respeito à Sérvia; as razões pelas quais Rússia e Sérvia não desenvolveram uma aliança militar e os motivos pelos quais Moscou não buscou incluir o país dos Bálcãs de forma plena nos projetos de integração política, econômica e securitária liderados pela Rússia; e a maneira como a pauta da neutralidade evoluiu nas relações bilaterais. Nesse sentido, o trabalho avança três argumentos principais. Em primeiro lugar, a defesa russa da neutralidade sérvia se deve primariamente a considerações políticas-ideacionais: ainda que o peso da Sérvia em termos geopolíticos e militares possua significado periférico para Moscou, o posicionamento externo do país balcânico implica uma convergência com as concepções russas sobre a arquitetura de segurança na Europa no Pós-Guerra Fria. Em segundo lugar, a opção pela defesa da neutralidade se impôs sobre a de uma aliança militar e da inclusão plena da Sérvia em projetos de integração russos em virtude, além da indisposição sérvia para tanto, da percepção de repercussões periféricas do posicionamento da Sérvia para a segurança da Rússia na rivalidade desta última com as potências ocidentais. Soma-se a isso, por fim, a percepção de que os Bálcãs, para a Rússia, não constituem uma fonte de interesses da mesma ordem que o espaço pós-soviético. Finalmente, no que diz respeito à assertividade e aos meios utilizados pela Rússia na defesa da neutralidade sérvia, a atuação de Moscou refletiu as mudanças no padrão de relações com os EUA e a União Europeia, bem como o alcance de capacidades e interesses russos nos Bálcãs. A pesquisa fundamenta-se na revisão de literatura e na análise de documentos, declarações, decisões de políticas e da cobertura jornalística pertinente aos assuntos discutidos.
The object of this work is Russia’s perspective on Serbia’s neutrality, that is, the Balkan country’s policy of non-accession to military alliances such as NATO and its non alignment with Western policies contrary to Russia, such as sanctions and other official resolutions, which imply the potential limitation of Serbia’s integration into the European Union. Precisely, this study aims to understand: the reasons behind such positioning by Russia regarding Serbia; the reasons why Russia and Serbia did not develop a military alliance, as well as the reasons why Moscow did not seek to fully include Serbia in political, security and economic integration projects led by Russia; and the way the neutrality agenda evolved in bilateral relations. In this connection, this study advances three main arguments. First, Russia’s defense of Serbian neutrality owes primarily to political-ideational considerations: even if Serbia’s weight in geopolitical and military terms has peripheral meaning for Moscow, the Balkan country’s external positioning implies a convergence with Russian conceptions of the post-Cold War European security architecture. Second, the option for the defense of neutrality has imposed itself over those of a military alliance and the full inclusion of Serbia in Russian integration projects because of, besides Serbia’s own unwillingness to do so, the perception of peripheral repercussions of Serbia’s positioning to Russia’s security in its rivalry with the Western powers. To this, finally, can be added the perception that the Balkans, for Russia, are not seen as a source of interests to the same degree as the post-Soviet space is seen. Finally, concerning Russia’s assertiveness and means used in the defense of Serbian neutrality, Moscow’s behavior has reflected the changes in the patterns of its relations with the USA and the European Union, as well as the reach of its capacities and interests in the Balkans. The research is based on literature review and on the analysis of official documents, declarations, policy decisions and the journalistic coverage related to the themes discussed.
The object of this work is Russia’s perspective on Serbia’s neutrality, that is, the Balkan country’s policy of non-accession to military alliances such as NATO and its non alignment with Western policies contrary to Russia, such as sanctions and other official resolutions, which imply the potential limitation of Serbia’s integration into the European Union. Precisely, this study aims to understand: the reasons behind such positioning by Russia regarding Serbia; the reasons why Russia and Serbia did not develop a military alliance, as well as the reasons why Moscow did not seek to fully include Serbia in political, security and economic integration projects led by Russia; and the way the neutrality agenda evolved in bilateral relations. In this connection, this study advances three main arguments. First, Russia’s defense of Serbian neutrality owes primarily to political-ideational considerations: even if Serbia’s weight in geopolitical and military terms has peripheral meaning for Moscow, the Balkan country’s external positioning implies a convergence with Russian conceptions of the post-Cold War European security architecture. Second, the option for the defense of neutrality has imposed itself over those of a military alliance and the full inclusion of Serbia in Russian integration projects because of, besides Serbia’s own unwillingness to do so, the perception of peripheral repercussions of Serbia’s positioning to Russia’s security in its rivalry with the Western powers. To this, finally, can be added the perception that the Balkans, for Russia, are not seen as a source of interests to the same degree as the post-Soviet space is seen. Finally, concerning Russia’s assertiveness and means used in the defense of Serbian neutrality, Moscow’s behavior has reflected the changes in the patterns of its relations with the USA and the European Union, as well as the reach of its capacities and interests in the Balkans. The research is based on literature review and on the analysis of official documents, declarations, policy decisions and the journalistic coverage related to the themes discussed.
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Palavras-chave
Segurança internacional, Neutralidade, Bálcãs (Península), Rússia - relações internacionais, Sérvia (Iugoslávia) - história, International security, Neutrality, Balkan Peninsula, Russia - international relations, Serbia (Yugoslavia) - history