Filogenômica de Serrasalmidae e estudos morfológicos e moleculares em Catoprion e Pygocentrus (Teleostei: Characiformes)
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Data
2019-02-27
Autores
Mateussi, Nadayca Thayane Bonani [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A família Serrasalmidae é endêmica da região Neotropical, amplamente distribuída na América do Sul, e possui 97 espécies válidas distribuídas em 16 gêneros recentes e um fóssil. Embora a monofilia de Serrasalmidae seja bem estabelecida, assim como dos três clados que a compõe, várias relações entre os subgrupos são ainda conflitantes, há confusão sobre as posições dos gêneros dentro destes clados e restam dúvidas sobre a monofilia, composição e validade dos gêneros e espécies. Ainda, a imprecisão da descrição de muitas das espécies e seus atuais status taxonômicos dificultam o entendimento e o estudo para diversas áreas. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visou elucidar as relações filogenéticas da família através de análises filogenômicas utilizando elementos ultraconservados (UCEs) e delimitar espécies de Catoprion e Pygocentrus através de análises integrativas, morfológicas e moleculares. Os resultados corroboram a monofilia da família, bem como dos três clados principais: (1) Colossoma, Mylossoma e Piaractus, (2) o “clado Myleus” formado por Acnodon, Myleus, Mylesinus, Myloplus, Ossubtus, Tometes e Utiaritichthys e (3) o “clado piranha”, composto por Catoprion, Metynnis, Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis e Serrasalmus. As relações dentro do clado “Colossoma+Mylossoma+Piaractus” são bem suportadas, com Piaractus irmão do clado Colossoma e Mylossoma, sendo este clado grupo irmão de todos os outros serrasalmídeos. O “clado Myleus” apresenta gêneros não-monofiléticos, como Myleus, Mylesinus, Myloplus, Tometes e Utiaritichthys. E o “clado piranha” é recuperado como um grupo monofilético com Metynnis irmão das demais piranhas, os gêneros Catoprion, Pygopristis e Pygocentrus são monofiléticos enquanto Serrasalmus e Pristobrycon são parafiléticos. Análises moleculares de delimitação de espécies reconheceram três espécies previamente identificadas morfologicamente em Pygocentrus; além de corroborar a existência de ao menos quatro populações estruturadas em P. nattereri ao longo de sua distribuição continental. E por fim, Catoprion mento foi redescrita e teve sua distribuição restrita às bacias dos rios Orinoco, alto Paraguai e tributários da margem direita do Amazonas; enquanto uma nova espécie foi descrita para as demais sub-bacias Amazônicas e o rio Essequibo. As espécies de Catoprion podem ser diagnosticadas por contagens de escamas e apresentam 7.3% ± 0.02 de divergência genética (K2P).
Serrasalmidae is an endemic Neotropical fish family, broadly distributed in South America, with 97 valid species allocated in 16 extant genera and one fossil. Even though the monophyly of the family is well stablished, as the formation of three major clades composing it, several aspects of relationships between subgroups are discordant among authors and are observed conflicts in the interrelationships and monophyly of some genera, and in the validity of some species. Furthermore, the imprecision of the species description and its current taxonomic status make it difficult the understanding and study for several areas. Thus, the present study aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the family through a phylogenomic analysis using ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and to delimit species of Catoprion and Pygocentrus through morphological and molecular integrative analysis. The results corroborate the monophyly of family as well as the three main clades: (1) Colossoma, Mylossoma and Piaractus, (2) the “Myleus clade” composed by Acnodon, Myleus, Mylesinus, Myloplus, Ossubtus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys, and (3) the “piranha clade", composed by Catoprion, Metynnis, Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis and Serrasalmus. The relationships within the “Colossoma+Mylossoma+Piaractus” clade are well supported, with Colossoma and Mylossoma as sister group of Piaractus, and this clade sister to all other Serrasalmids. The “Myleus clade” contains several non-monophyletic genera as Myleus, Mylesinus, Myloplus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys. And the “piranha clade” is recovered as a monophyletic group with Metynnis as sister to the other genera, with Catoprion, Pygopristis and Pygocentrus monophyletic and Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon as paraphyletic. Molecular analyzes of species delimitation recognized three species previously identified morphologically in Pygocentrus; besides corroborating the existence of at least four populations structured in P. nattereri throughout its continental distribution. And finally, Catoprion mento was redescribed and had its distribution restricted to the Orinoco, Upper Paraguay, and right bank tributary of the Amazon basin; while a new species was described for the other Amazon sub-basins and the Essequibo River. Catoprion species can be diagnosed by counting of scales and present 7.3% ± 0.02 genetic divergence (K2P).
Serrasalmidae is an endemic Neotropical fish family, broadly distributed in South America, with 97 valid species allocated in 16 extant genera and one fossil. Even though the monophyly of the family is well stablished, as the formation of three major clades composing it, several aspects of relationships between subgroups are discordant among authors and are observed conflicts in the interrelationships and monophyly of some genera, and in the validity of some species. Furthermore, the imprecision of the species description and its current taxonomic status make it difficult the understanding and study for several areas. Thus, the present study aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the family through a phylogenomic analysis using ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and to delimit species of Catoprion and Pygocentrus through morphological and molecular integrative analysis. The results corroborate the monophyly of family as well as the three main clades: (1) Colossoma, Mylossoma and Piaractus, (2) the “Myleus clade” composed by Acnodon, Myleus, Mylesinus, Myloplus, Ossubtus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys, and (3) the “piranha clade", composed by Catoprion, Metynnis, Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis and Serrasalmus. The relationships within the “Colossoma+Mylossoma+Piaractus” clade are well supported, with Colossoma and Mylossoma as sister group of Piaractus, and this clade sister to all other Serrasalmids. The “Myleus clade” contains several non-monophyletic genera as Myleus, Mylesinus, Myloplus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys. And the “piranha clade” is recovered as a monophyletic group with Metynnis as sister to the other genera, with Catoprion, Pygopristis and Pygocentrus monophyletic and Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon as paraphyletic. Molecular analyzes of species delimitation recognized three species previously identified morphologically in Pygocentrus; besides corroborating the existence of at least four populations structured in P. nattereri throughout its continental distribution. And finally, Catoprion mento was redescribed and had its distribution restricted to the Orinoco, Upper Paraguay, and right bank tributary of the Amazon basin; while a new species was described for the other Amazon sub-basins and the Essequibo River. Catoprion species can be diagnosed by counting of scales and present 7.3% ± 0.02 genetic divergence (K2P).
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Palavras-chave
biodiversidade, biodiversity, filogenia, phylogeny, pacu, piranha, UCEs, DNA barcoding