Hidratação enzimática de nitrilas pela enzima Nitrila Hidratase (NHase) para a obtenção de amidas
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Data
2019-05-17
Autores
Moraes, Maraylla Inácio
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Reações catalisadas enzimaticamente constituem uma alternativa ambientalmente atrativa em relação a catálise metálica e organometálica, pois utiliza catalisadores biodegradáveis e oriundos de fontes renováveis, oferecendo ferramentas apropriadas para a transformação de substâncias naturais ou sintéticas levando-se em conta os preceitos da Química Verde. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a clonagem do gene nitrila hidratase (subunidades α e β e gene ativador) de Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277 e Klebisella oxytoca via metodologia de clonagem livre de restrição e posterior expressão em E. coli para realização de reações de biotransformação. A análise da especificidade do substrato da NHase tipo Fe de R. erythropolis ATCC 4277 indica que este aceita uma diversidade de nitrilas. As nitrilas alifáticas foram hidratadas com conversões acima de 99%, com exceção da acrilonitrila. As nitrilas aromáticas foram hidratadas com conversões que variaram de 1% a 88%. As células inteiras de E. coli recombinante hidrataram o 1,4-fenilenodiacetonitrila com elevada regiosseletividade, enquanto o excesso enantiomérico das nitrilas aromáticas 2-amino-2-(4-fluorofenil) acetonitrila e 2-fenilbutironitrila foram de 7% e 60%, respectivamente. A clonagem do gene NHase de Klebisella oxytoca não foi observada. A segunda etapa deste trabalho consistiu na síntese de 4-(cianometil)benzenoacetanamida, um intermediário importante na síntese de compostos de interesse industrial e utilizado como material de partida em reações de Grignard e transamidação. Uma coleção de enzimas do tipo NHase obtidas comercialmente foram empregadas para catalisar as reações de conversão da nitrila na amida correspondente, com altas conversões e rendimentos. Para as reações de Grignard e transamidação não foram obtidos bons resultados nas condições estudadas. De maneira geral foi possível obter amidas, que são de interesse industrial, com conversões variadas através de catálise enzimática.
Enzymatically catalyzed reactions are an environmentally attractive alternative for metal and organometallic catalysis, because it uses biodegradable catalysts and from renewable sources, offering appropriate tools for the transformation of natural substances or synthetic taking into account the precepts of Green Chemistry. This work was performed nitrile hydratase gene cloning (α- and β- subunits and activator gene) from Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277 and Klebisella oxytoca via restriction-free cloning methodology and subsequent expression in E. coli to perform biotransformation reactions. The analysis of the substrate specificity of the Fe-type NHase of R. erythropolis ATCC 4277 indicates that it accepts a diversity of nitriles. The aliphatic nitriles were hydrated with conversions above 99%, with the exception of acrylonitrile. The aromatic nitriles were hydrated with conversions ranging from 1% to 88%. Whole cells of recombinant E. coli hydrated 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile with high regioselectivity, while the enantiomeric excess of the aromatic nitriles 2-amino-2- (4-fluorophenyl)acetonitrile and 2-phenylbutyronitrile were 7% and 60%, respectively. The cloning of the gene NHase of Klebisella oxytoca was not observed. The second step of this work consisted in the synthesis of 4-(cyanomethyl)benzeneacetanamide an important intermediate in the synthesis of compounds of industrial interest and used as starting material in Grignard reactions and transamidation. A collection of enzymes NHase type obtained commercially were employed to catalyze the conversion reactions of nitrile to the corresponding amide, with high conversions and yields. For the reactions of Grignard and transamidation have not obtained good results in the conditions studied. In general, it was possible to obtain amides, which are of industrial interest, with high and low conversions by enzymatic catalysis.
Enzymatically catalyzed reactions are an environmentally attractive alternative for metal and organometallic catalysis, because it uses biodegradable catalysts and from renewable sources, offering appropriate tools for the transformation of natural substances or synthetic taking into account the precepts of Green Chemistry. This work was performed nitrile hydratase gene cloning (α- and β- subunits and activator gene) from Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277 and Klebisella oxytoca via restriction-free cloning methodology and subsequent expression in E. coli to perform biotransformation reactions. The analysis of the substrate specificity of the Fe-type NHase of R. erythropolis ATCC 4277 indicates that it accepts a diversity of nitriles. The aliphatic nitriles were hydrated with conversions above 99%, with the exception of acrylonitrile. The aromatic nitriles were hydrated with conversions ranging from 1% to 88%. Whole cells of recombinant E. coli hydrated 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile with high regioselectivity, while the enantiomeric excess of the aromatic nitriles 2-amino-2- (4-fluorophenyl)acetonitrile and 2-phenylbutyronitrile were 7% and 60%, respectively. The cloning of the gene NHase of Klebisella oxytoca was not observed. The second step of this work consisted in the synthesis of 4-(cyanomethyl)benzeneacetanamide an important intermediate in the synthesis of compounds of industrial interest and used as starting material in Grignard reactions and transamidation. A collection of enzymes NHase type obtained commercially were employed to catalyze the conversion reactions of nitrile to the corresponding amide, with high conversions and yields. For the reactions of Grignard and transamidation have not obtained good results in the conditions studied. In general, it was possible to obtain amides, which are of industrial interest, with high and low conversions by enzymatic catalysis.
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Palavras-chave
Nitrila hidratase, Clonagem, Expressão enzimática, Biocatálise, Nitrila