Os viúvos da cana: migração e trajetórias territoriais do trabalho no agrohidronegócio canavieiro na Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente (SP)
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Data
2019-02-01
Autores
Bento, Fredi dos Santos [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Nesse início do século XXI, amplia-se cada vez mais a ofensiva do capital sobre o trabalho, movida pela necessidade insaciável de acumulação/reprodução. No Brasil, dentre as várias formas de personificação deste modelo social, destacamos o agrohidronegócio canavieiro, que sob a prerrogativa do discurso falacioso do desenvolvimento nacional, sustentável etc., omite diversos agravos no que diz respeito aos descumprimentos trabalhistas, à saúde dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras, à sustentabilidade, a questão sindical, ambiental dentre outras. A exemplo da configuração que se apresenta no Pontal do Paranapanema (SP), que tem nos ocupado em estudos anteriores, com destaque para a migração de trabalhadores originários de diversas regiões do Nordeste brasileiro, para o corte manual da matéria prima, que se intensificou desde 2005, mas que a partir de 2014, passou a vivenciar um processo de transição para o corte mecanizado. Essas mudanças técnico-ocupacionais no território do agrohidronegócio canavieiro permitiram que nos dedicássemos à compreensão da diversidade quanto aos estágios de transição/consolidação do corte manual para o mecanizado, agora na 10a Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente. Dessa forma, são flagrantes os casos de descumprimento da legislação trabalhista, bem como do descarte e adoecimento de trabalhadores na região de estudo, além do expediente regressivo no que diz respeito à situação em que se encontram os trabalhadores e trabalhadoras migrantes que mais que órfãos da cana, têm se tornado na realidade viúvos da cana, diante da intensificação do plantio e corte mecanizados, e sem possibilidades reais de se empregarem em outros setores, tendo em consideração o expediente de adoecimento que marca o trabalho nos canaviais ao longo dos anos e que traz rebatimentos profundos no momento histórico por nós estudado, pois a ampliação das incomodações ocupacionais que resultam no processo contínuo de adoecimento físico e psíquico nos canaviais nos permitiu revelar uma série de contradições que marcam o processo de trabalho no agrohidronegócio canavieiro nesta região. Assim, o texto em consecução diz respeito ao atual momento vivenciado pelo setor sucroenergético no país, num período em se amplia a mecanização dos canaviais e que pudemos acompanhar ao longo de nossa pesquisa nos últimos anos. O período que compreende essa a transição tecnológica/ técnico-ocupacional do setor permite uma melhor visualização, dadas às condições que tal processo ocorre com a urgência dos protocolos firmados em torno do fim da realização da queima (despalha) da cana, o que nos permite, questionar quais os sentidos da utilização da mão de obra migrante, bem como os impactos gerados para a região, enquanto parte das rotas migratórias do trabalho para o capital e quais os motivos que tem levado a Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente a ser uma das rotas de deslocamento desses trabalhadores e trabalhadoras. Nesta dissertação também foram apresentados casos similar ao que ocorre na Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente (SP), principalmente quando chamamos a atenção para a situação vivenciada no México, mais especificamente nos estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas e Guerrero, em que pudemos acompanhar através de uma missão de estudos que nos permitiu uma maior interlocução com o temário das migrações e das trajetórias territoriais do trabalho nestas localidades. Em respeito ao redesenho das rotas (trajetórias) migratórias dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras que percorrem o território brasileiro, sinalizamos nossa compreensão dos mesmos enquanto “viúvos da cana”, em alusão a matéria do Jornal Folha de São Paulo de 02 de julho 2017, em que se noticiava o fim das rotas migratórias tradicionais para o corte manual da cana-de-açúcar em decorrência do processo de transição técnico-ocupacional que o setor tem vivenciado neste início de século. É importante enfatizarmos que também buscamos investigar o processo contraditório engendrado pelo capital, que ao mesmo tempo em que desterritorializa os trabalhadores, também precariza as condições de trabalho no corte da cana-de-açúcar, sob o referencial da superexploração nos canaviais da Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente (10a R.A.), nos municípios Teodoro Sampaio, Mirante do Paranapanema, Sandovalina, Junqueirópolis, Flórida Paulista e Martinópolis-SP. Dessa maneira, ao longo do desenvolvimento desse texto, também pudemos analisar de que forma se constrói no imaginário dos trabalhadores migrantes para os canaviais da Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente (10a R.A.) o discurso da qualificação profissional, tendo em vista o momento vivenciado pelo agrohidronegócio canavieiro diante da transição nas formas de colheita da cana (manual-mecanizada) e o controle social dos trabalhadores durante a safra e entressafra da cana-de-açúcar.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the capital offensive on labor, driven by the insatiable need for accumulation / reproduction, is increasing. In Brazil, among the various forms of personification of this social model, we highlight the sugarcane agro-business which, under the prerogative of the fallacious discourse of national, sustainable development, etc., omitted several grievances regarding labor noncompliance, workers' health, sustainability, trade union, environmental, among others. The example of the configuration that is presented in the Pontal do Paranapanema (SP), which has been occupied in previous studies, with emphasis on the migration of workers from different regions of the Brazilian Northeast, for the manual cutting of the raw material, which has intensified since 2005, but that from 2014, the process of transition to mechanized cutting is experienced. These technical-occupational changes in the territory of the sugarcane agro-business require us to devote ourselves to the understanding of diversity in the stages of transition / consolidation from manual cutting to mechanization, now in the 10th Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente. In this way, cases of noncompliance with labor legislation, as well as the dismissal and sickness of migrant workers who, more than orphaned by sugarcane, have become widowers and widows of the same, in the face of intensified planting and cutting mechanized, and with no real possibilities of being employed in other sectors, given the disease process that marks the work in the sugarcane plantations over the years and that brings profound repercussions in the historical moment we studied, taking into account the expansion of the occupational discomforts that result in the continuous process of physical and psychic illness in the cane fields. Thus, the text in progress refers to the current moment experienced by the sugar-alcohol sector in the country, in a period in which the mechanization in the cane fields is extended. The technological / technical-occupational transition period of the sector allows a better visualization, given the conditions that such process occurs with the urgency of the protocols signed around the end of the burning (cancellation) of the sugarcane, which allows us , to question the meanings of the use of migrant labor as well as the impacts generated for the region as part of the migratory routes from work to capital and what are the reasons that have led the Presidente Prudente Administrative Region to be one of the routes of displacement of these workers. In this dissertation, similar cases occurred in the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (SP), especially when we call attention to the situation experienced in Mexico, specifically in the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas and Guerrero, in which we were able to follow through a study mission that allowed us a greater interlocution with the agenda of the migrations and the territorial trajectories of the work in these localities. In respect to the redesign of the migratory routes of the workers that cross the Brazilian territory, we signal our understanding of them as "widows of the sugarcane", referring to the Folha de São Paulo newspaper article of July 2, 2017, in which the end of the traditional migratory routes for the manual cutting of sugarcane as a result of the technical-occupational transition process that the sector has been experiencing at the beginning of this century was reported. It is important to emphasize that we also seek to investigate the contradictory process engendered by capital, which, at the same time as it deterritorializes workers, also precarizes working conditions in sugarcane cutting, under the reference of overexploitation in sugarcane plantations of the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (10th RA), in the municipalities Teodoro Sampaio, Mirante do Paranapanema, Sandovalina, Junqueirópolis, Florida Paulista and Martinópolis-SP. Thus, throughout the development of this text, we have also been able to analyze how the discourse of professional qualification is constructed in the imaginary of migrant workers for the sugarcane plantations of the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (10th RA), considering the moment experienced by the hydroagricultural sugarcane plantations before the transition in the ways of harvesting the cane (manual-mechanized) and the social control of the workers during the sugarcane harvest and off-season.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the capital offensive on labor, driven by the insatiable need for accumulation / reproduction, is increasing. In Brazil, among the various forms of personification of this social model, we highlight the sugarcane agro-business which, under the prerogative of the fallacious discourse of national, sustainable development, etc., omitted several grievances regarding labor noncompliance, workers' health, sustainability, trade union, environmental, among others. The example of the configuration that is presented in the Pontal do Paranapanema (SP), which has been occupied in previous studies, with emphasis on the migration of workers from different regions of the Brazilian Northeast, for the manual cutting of the raw material, which has intensified since 2005, but that from 2014, the process of transition to mechanized cutting is experienced. These technical-occupational changes in the territory of the sugarcane agro-business require us to devote ourselves to the understanding of diversity in the stages of transition / consolidation from manual cutting to mechanization, now in the 10th Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente. In this way, cases of noncompliance with labor legislation, as well as the dismissal and sickness of migrant workers who, more than orphaned by sugarcane, have become widowers and widows of the same, in the face of intensified planting and cutting mechanized, and with no real possibilities of being employed in other sectors, given the disease process that marks the work in the sugarcane plantations over the years and that brings profound repercussions in the historical moment we studied, taking into account the expansion of the occupational discomforts that result in the continuous process of physical and psychic illness in the cane fields. Thus, the text in progress refers to the current moment experienced by the sugar-alcohol sector in the country, in a period in which the mechanization in the cane fields is extended. The technological / technical-occupational transition period of the sector allows a better visualization, given the conditions that such process occurs with the urgency of the protocols signed around the end of the burning (cancellation) of the sugarcane, which allows us , to question the meanings of the use of migrant labor as well as the impacts generated for the region as part of the migratory routes from work to capital and what are the reasons that have led the Presidente Prudente Administrative Region to be one of the routes of displacement of these workers. In this dissertation, similar cases occurred in the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (SP), especially when we call attention to the situation experienced in Mexico, specifically in the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas and Guerrero, in which we were able to follow through a study mission that allowed us a greater interlocution with the agenda of the migrations and the territorial trajectories of the work in these localities. In respect to the redesign of the migratory routes of the workers that cross the Brazilian territory, we signal our understanding of them as "widows of the sugarcane", referring to the Folha de São Paulo newspaper article of July 2, 2017, in which the end of the traditional migratory routes for the manual cutting of sugarcane as a result of the technical-occupational transition process that the sector has been experiencing at the beginning of this century was reported. It is important to emphasize that we also seek to investigate the contradictory process engendered by capital, which, at the same time as it deterritorializes workers, also precarizes working conditions in sugarcane cutting, under the reference of overexploitation in sugarcane plantations of the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (10th RA), in the municipalities Teodoro Sampaio, Mirante do Paranapanema, Sandovalina, Junqueirópolis, Florida Paulista and Martinópolis-SP. Thus, throughout the development of this text, we have also been able to analyze how the discourse of professional qualification is constructed in the imaginary of migrant workers for the sugarcane plantations of the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (10th RA), considering the moment experienced by the hydroagricultural sugarcane plantations before the transition in the ways of harvesting the cane (manual-mechanized) and the social control of the workers during the sugarcane harvest and off-season.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Viúvos da cana, Trajetórias territoriais do trabalho, Migrações do trabalho, Agrohidronegócio canavieiro, Dinâmica territorial do trabalho, Adoecimento, Descarte, Pontal do Paranapanema, 10a. Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente (SP), México, Widows of sugarcane, Territorial trajectories of labor, Migration of labor, Hydroagricultural, Territorial labor dynamics, Sickness, Discard, 10th Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente (SP), Mexico