A autossuficiência alimentar e o consumo de calorias e proteínas na América Latina e Caribe
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Data
2019-05-28
Autores
Bendinelli, Wellington Gustavo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os desafios de alimentar a população mundial em crescimento serão ainda maiores no futuro. Estima-se que a atual população mundial de 7,3 bilhões de pessoas chegará a aproximadamente 10 bilhões no ano de 2050. O aumento da população mundial somado as mudanças no padrão de consumo alimentar têm ocasionado uma pressão sobre os sistemas de produções agrícolas por todo o mundo. Embora a disponibilidade global de alimentos tenha aumentado, a demanda alimentar não cresceu linearmente com o crescimento da população, pois a demanda per capita aumentou. Assim, nota-se que a mudança dos hábitos de consumo de alimentos tem sido em direção a dietas que demandam o uso mais intensivo dos recursos de produção como é o caso das carnes e dos produtos de origem animal como os laticínios. O aumento da demanda por produtos de origem animal tem aumentado ainda mais a pressão humana sobre os recursos produtivos como terras agricultáveis e a água. Uma vez em que esses recursos estão distribuídos diferentemente entre os países do mundo e limitam a produção de alimentos, esse contexto oferece desafios e oportunidades sobretudo para algumas regiões do mundo que ainda apresentam recursos produtivos como é o caso da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). Dada a importância da ALC na produção de alimentos e seu potencial de impactar o consumo de alimentos de forma local e global, o trabalho analisou o equilíbrio entre a produção e o consumo de grupos alimentares na ALC, por meio da análise de mudanças do nível de autossuficiência alimentar (SSR), no período entre 1964 a 2013. De forma complementar buscou-se analisar a dependência externa dos países pertencentes à ALC, de modo a fornecer uma visão mais ampla da importância do papel do comércio internacional de alimentos e de como este pode afetar diferencialmente a segurança alimentar da região e verificou como as dietas mudaram na região em relação ao consumo de calorias, proteínas e gorduras no período. Os resultados demostraram que o GSSR da ALC como um todo aumentou e foi volátil ao longo de cinquenta anos. A região é mais do autossuficiente para os cereais, as carnes, óleos vegetais e açúcares (ou seja, apresenta GSSR > 1). Além do aumento da produção, as importações líquidas de alimentos têm aumentado sua importância e sido a principal solução para a manutenção dos elevados índices de autossuficiência na região. Em escala nacional, diferenças podem ser observadas em todo o continente latino-americano. Diminuições nos níveis de autossuficiência foram observadas para os grupos dos cereais e óleos vegetais em toda a América Central e Caribe e vários países da América do Sul, mesmo com o aumento das importações. Considerando a relação entre importações e o consumo doméstico expresso pelo indicador RDI, o déficit de produção foi compensado cada vez mais pelo aumento das importações de alimentos, e o comércio de produtos alimentícios, portanto, aumentou em importância para garantir um suprimento adequado de alimentos. Em relação às tendências de consumo, a estrutura alimentar na ALC mudou em cinquenta anos. Observou-se que as dietas são cada vez mais abundantes em calorias (advindas de óleos vegetais, açúcares) e alimentos de origem animal. O aumento no consumo de proteína de origem animal, amplamente relacionado sobretudo ao consumo crescente de proteína da carne, é um marcador da transição nutricional e afeta a região como um todo.
Challenges of feeding the growing world population will be even greater in the future. It is estimated that the current world population of 7,3 billion people will reach almost 10 billion in 2050. The increase in the world’s population added to the changes in food consumption behavior has been causing pressure on agricultural systems throughout the world. Although the global food availability has increased, food demand did not follow the population linear growth, once the per capita demand increased. Thus, it is noticed that changes in food consumption habits has been related to diets that demand an intensive use of production resources, as in meat and animal products, such as dairy. The increased demand for animal products has been raised human pressure on productive resources such as arable land and water. Since these resources are distributed differently among the world’s countries and limit food production, this context provides challenges and opportunities especially for some regions that still hold productive resources, such as Latin America and Caribbean (LAC). Given the importance of LAC in food production and its potential to impact food consumption locally and globally, the study analyzed the balance between production and consumption of food groups in the LAC, by analyzing changes in the levels of food selfsufficiency (SSR), from 1964 to 2013. Furthermore, the external dependency of the countries that belong to the LAC was analyzed, to provide a wider vision of the importance of international food trade and how it can directly affect the region’s food safety, and it was verified how the region’s diets changed regarding calories, proteins and fats consumption during the period. Results showed that the LAC’s GSSR as a whole has increased and it was volatile over the course of 50 years. The region is more than self-sufficient for cereals, meats, vegetable oils and sugars (that is, presented GSSR > 1). In addition to increased production, net food imports have increased in importance and have been the main solution to maintain high self-sufficiency indexes in the region. On a national scale, differences can be observed across the Latin American continent. Larger decreases in self-sufficiency levels were observed on the cereals and vegetable oils groups throughout Central America and Caribbean and several South American countries, even as imports increased. Considering the relation between imports and domestic consumption expressed by the RDI index, the production deficit was increasingly compensated by the increase in food imports, and the trade in food products, therefore, increased in importance to ensure an adequate food supply. Regarding consumption trends, the LAC’s food structure changed in fifty years. It was observed that diets are increasingly abundant in calories (from vegetable oils, sugars) and animal products. The increase in animal protein consumption, widely related mainly to the increasing meat protein consumption, is a marker of the nutritional transition and affects the region as a whole.
Challenges of feeding the growing world population will be even greater in the future. It is estimated that the current world population of 7,3 billion people will reach almost 10 billion in 2050. The increase in the world’s population added to the changes in food consumption behavior has been causing pressure on agricultural systems throughout the world. Although the global food availability has increased, food demand did not follow the population linear growth, once the per capita demand increased. Thus, it is noticed that changes in food consumption habits has been related to diets that demand an intensive use of production resources, as in meat and animal products, such as dairy. The increased demand for animal products has been raised human pressure on productive resources such as arable land and water. Since these resources are distributed differently among the world’s countries and limit food production, this context provides challenges and opportunities especially for some regions that still hold productive resources, such as Latin America and Caribbean (LAC). Given the importance of LAC in food production and its potential to impact food consumption locally and globally, the study analyzed the balance between production and consumption of food groups in the LAC, by analyzing changes in the levels of food selfsufficiency (SSR), from 1964 to 2013. Furthermore, the external dependency of the countries that belong to the LAC was analyzed, to provide a wider vision of the importance of international food trade and how it can directly affect the region’s food safety, and it was verified how the region’s diets changed regarding calories, proteins and fats consumption during the period. Results showed that the LAC’s GSSR as a whole has increased and it was volatile over the course of 50 years. The region is more than self-sufficient for cereals, meats, vegetable oils and sugars (that is, presented GSSR > 1). In addition to increased production, net food imports have increased in importance and have been the main solution to maintain high self-sufficiency indexes in the region. On a national scale, differences can be observed across the Latin American continent. Larger decreases in self-sufficiency levels were observed on the cereals and vegetable oils groups throughout Central America and Caribbean and several South American countries, even as imports increased. Considering the relation between imports and domestic consumption expressed by the RDI index, the production deficit was increasingly compensated by the increase in food imports, and the trade in food products, therefore, increased in importance to ensure an adequate food supply. Regarding consumption trends, the LAC’s food structure changed in fifty years. It was observed that diets are increasingly abundant in calories (from vegetable oils, sugars) and animal products. The increase in animal protein consumption, widely related mainly to the increasing meat protein consumption, is a marker of the nutritional transition and affects the region as a whole.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Autossuficiência alimentar, Transição nutricional, Consumo de alimentos, Comércio internacional, Segurança alimentar, Food self-sufficiency, Nutritional transition, Food consumption, International trade, Food safety