“Elegemos um meme?!”: política e experiência estética nos memes de ação popular das Eleições 2018
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Data
2019-08-20
Autores
Milanezi, Maicon José de Faria
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta pesquisa busca analisar os memes políticos a partir da ótica da inserção das pessoas militantes em comportamentos coletivos e compartilhados de apoio ou oposição a candidaturas, tendo em vista o segundo turno das Eleições Presidenciais de 2018. Para tanto, constrói-se uma exploração teórica que leva em conta as transformações da sociedade em vias de midiatização, onde os processos de interação tecidos em redes são híbridos e as lógicas sociais, altamente baseadas no midiático, pois passam a levar em conta dinâmicas desse campo social sobretudo quando se observa as instituições e mobilizações políticas. O trabalho se baseia no pensamento político de Jacques Rancière (1996, 2009, 2012, 2016), para quem a política é a contestação da ordem policial que estabelece hierarquicamente lugares definidos a serem ocupados pelos indivíduos e uma partilha do sensível consensual, não se restringindo à estrutura jurídico-política de gestão dos interesses coletivos. São apresentados, então, partindo de Dawkins (2018 [1976]) e Shifman (2014), os desdobramentos investigativos que enquadram os memes como elementos dotados de sentidos que encontram nos sites de redes sociais um ambiente fecundo para se multiplicarem e serem capazes de conformar ação política. Com base, especificamente, nos memes de ação popular, caracterizados por ações coletivas performáticas com teor comportamental apropriados por essas militâncias para pautar discussões, visa-se compreender se eles instituem o que Braga (2012, 2018) chama de arranjos disposicionais, ou dispositivos de relações através dos quais são possíveis a produção de cenas de dissenso que possibilitem pensar novas maneiras de dizer e ver o mundo, construindo novos lugares, nomes e funções a serem ocupadas na vida social. Pretende-se, ainda, observar como esse fenômeno enunciativo dos memes ajuda a construir sentidos e disputas durante um pleito eleitoral, levando-se em conta as transformações observadas na sociedade em midiatização que promove aos indivíduos novas maneiras de conexão, expressão e criatividade na hora de se colocarem no debate por meio das redes sociais digitais. Para a realização da análise, são empreendidos dois principais movimentos: a sistematização dos memes coletados no Twitter com elementos que identificassem os candidatos, segundo a taxonomia de memes desenvolvida por Chagas et al. (2017), uma análise com base nos processos estruturais de conotação da mensagem fotográfica de Roland Barthes (1990a) e uma incursão analítico-interpretativa que toma por base esses elementos para observar os memes à luz da experiência estética e das reflexões de Rancière. Enfim, visa-se traçar relações mais amplas sobre a participação política midiatizada através da ação conectiva dos memes e a centralidade que podem encontrar no período eleitoral. Nesse trajeto, conclui-se que, de maneiras diferentes, os apoiadores dos candidatos Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) e Fernando Haddad (PT) constroem uma performatividade política possibilitada por essa experiência estética de inscrição nos memes, nesse contexto polissêmico e híbrido de mobilização política.
This research seeks to analyze the political memes from the perspective of the insertion of the militants into collective and shared behaviors of support or opposition to candidacies, in consideration of the second round of the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election. For this, a theoretical exploration is constructed to take into account the transformations of the society in the process of mediatization, where the processes of interaction that woven into networks are hybrids and the social logics are highly based on the media since they adopt dynamics of this social field which is noted especially when observing the political institutions and mobilizations. This work is based on the political thinking of Jacques Rancière (1996, 2009, 2012, 2016), for whom politics is the contestation of the police order that establishes hierarchically defined places to be occupied by people and a consensual distribution of the sensible, not restricting itself to the juridical-political structure of management of the collective interests. Then, are presented, starting from Dawkins (2018 [1976]) and Shifman (2014), the investigative unfoldings that frame the memes as meaningful elements that find in social networking sites a fruitful environment to multiply and be able to conform political action. Based specifically on the memes grassroots action, characterized by collective performatic actions with behavioral content appropriated by these militants to guide discussions, it is sought to understand if they institute what Braga (2012, 2018) calls dispositional arrangements, or apparatus of relations through which are possible to create dissensual scenes that make it possible to think of new ways of saying and seeing the world, building new places, names and functions to be occupied in social life. It is also intends to observe how this enunciative phenomenon of memes helps to construct meanings and disputes during an electoral process, taking into account the transformations observed in the society in mediatization that promotes to individuals new ways of connection, expression and creativity when it comes to insert themselves in the political debate through digital social networks. To accomplish the analysis, two main movements are undertaken: the systematization of the memes collected on Twitter using elements that identified the candidates, according to the taxonomy of memes developed by Chagas et al. (2017), and an analysis based on the structural processes of connotation of the photographic message by Roland Barthes (1990a), and an analytic-interpretative foray based on those elements to observe memes in light of aesthetic experience and Rancière's reflections. Finally, it aims at drawing broader relations about mediatized political participation through the connective action of the memes and the centrality that they can find in the electoral cycle. In this way, it is concluded that, in different ways, the supporters of the candidates Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) and Fernando Haddad (PT) construct a political performativity made possible by this aesthetic experience of inscribing themselves in memes, in this polysemic and hybrid context of political mobilization
This research seeks to analyze the political memes from the perspective of the insertion of the militants into collective and shared behaviors of support or opposition to candidacies, in consideration of the second round of the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election. For this, a theoretical exploration is constructed to take into account the transformations of the society in the process of mediatization, where the processes of interaction that woven into networks are hybrids and the social logics are highly based on the media since they adopt dynamics of this social field which is noted especially when observing the political institutions and mobilizations. This work is based on the political thinking of Jacques Rancière (1996, 2009, 2012, 2016), for whom politics is the contestation of the police order that establishes hierarchically defined places to be occupied by people and a consensual distribution of the sensible, not restricting itself to the juridical-political structure of management of the collective interests. Then, are presented, starting from Dawkins (2018 [1976]) and Shifman (2014), the investigative unfoldings that frame the memes as meaningful elements that find in social networking sites a fruitful environment to multiply and be able to conform political action. Based specifically on the memes grassroots action, characterized by collective performatic actions with behavioral content appropriated by these militants to guide discussions, it is sought to understand if they institute what Braga (2012, 2018) calls dispositional arrangements, or apparatus of relations through which are possible to create dissensual scenes that make it possible to think of new ways of saying and seeing the world, building new places, names and functions to be occupied in social life. It is also intends to observe how this enunciative phenomenon of memes helps to construct meanings and disputes during an electoral process, taking into account the transformations observed in the society in mediatization that promotes to individuals new ways of connection, expression and creativity when it comes to insert themselves in the political debate through digital social networks. To accomplish the analysis, two main movements are undertaken: the systematization of the memes collected on Twitter using elements that identified the candidates, according to the taxonomy of memes developed by Chagas et al. (2017), and an analysis based on the structural processes of connotation of the photographic message by Roland Barthes (1990a), and an analytic-interpretative foray based on those elements to observe memes in light of aesthetic experience and Rancière's reflections. Finally, it aims at drawing broader relations about mediatized political participation through the connective action of the memes and the centrality that they can find in the electoral cycle. In this way, it is concluded that, in different ways, the supporters of the candidates Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) and Fernando Haddad (PT) construct a political performativity made possible by this aesthetic experience of inscribing themselves in memes, in this polysemic and hybrid context of political mobilization
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Memes políticos, Ação popular, Mensagem fotográfica, Experiência estética, Comunicação política, Eleições, Political memes, Grassroots action, Photographic message, Aesthetic experience, Political communication, Elections