A Argentina e o Brasil frente aos Estados Unidos: clientelismo e autonomia no campo da segurança internacional
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Data
2019-11-04
Autores
Milani, Lívia Peres [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O tema abordado nessa tese corresponde às relações entre os Estados Unidos e América Latina no início do século XXI, tendo como foco os casos de Brasil e Argentina e os temas atinentes à área de Segurança Internacional. As relações interamericanas são marcadas por intensa assimetria de poder, portanto, podem ser enquadradas no âmbito mais geral das dinâmicas entre grandes potências e países periféricos. Todavia, possuem importantes particularidades e entender o desenvolvimento histórico torna-se essencial para explicar as dinâmicas hemisféricas. Embora as relações Estados Unidos-América Latina tenham se desenvolvido com base em um paradigma de clientelismo – de cooperação assimétrica no campo militar – e de dependência econômica – de produção nacional condicionada por decisões externas – esses dois fatores foram questionados em alguns períodos, quando houve busca de autonomia por parte de governos latino-americanos. Considerando-se esse contexto, questiona-se: por que houve, no Brasil e na Argentina, uma retomada dos projetos de autonomia com relação aos Estados Unidos no início do século XXI e como ela expressou-se no campo da segurança internacional? Como hipótese, entende-se que a retomada dos projetos de autonomia foi provocada pelas mudanças nas coalizões politicamente predominantes na Argentina e no Brasil e pelas mudanças no cenário internacional, com o aumento da atuação chinesa na América Latina. Não houve negligência dos EUA em relação à região e, apesar dos desafios impostos pela China, a potência hegemônica manteve a capacidade de impor custos e incentivos aos governos latino-americanos. A cooperação no campo da segurança, incluindo as relações entre os militares e os agentes de segurança pública, permaneceu como um sustentáculo importante da influência estadunidense. A tese está dividida em cinco capítulos, no primeiro é apresentada a discussão teórico-conceitual, no segundo, é feita uma breve exposição sobre a História das relações ente Argentina, Brasil e Estados Unidos e, no terceiro capítulo, discute-se a Política Exterior dos EUA para a América Latina após o 11/09. No quarto e no quinto capítulos, são apresentadas as relações bilaterais em temas de segurança internacional entre Brasil-EUA e Argentina-EUA, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas como fontes documentos abertos divulgados pelos Ministérios de Relações Exteriores e da Presidência dos três países, discursos de autoridades e entrevistas. Também feito uso de bases de dados sobre transferência de armamentos e assistência em segurança, organizadas respectivamente pelo Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) e pelo Center for International Policy. Foram utilizados ainda telegramas produzidos pelas embaixadas dos Estados Unidos na Argentina e no Brasil e divulgados pelo Wikileaks.
The thesis’ main subject is the relationship between the United States and Latin America, at the beginning of the 21st century, focusing on the Brazilian and Argentinean cases and security issues. Intense asymmetry of power is the main feature of the Inter-American relations and, therefore, they denote relations between great powers and peripheral countries. Nevertheless, they are also specific, and it is essential to analyze the historical developments to understand the Western Hemisphere international dynamics. The inter-American relations are marked by clientelism – meaning asymmetrical military cooperation - and economic dependency – meaning that the national economies’ dynamics are influenced by external factors. However, this reality was disputed by Latin American governments in different historical conjunctures. Guided by these assumptions, the main question is: why there was, in the Brazilian and Argentina cases, an autonomy project resumption at the beginning of the 21st century and how was it expressed on security issues? As a hypothesis, I argue that the sources of the autonomy projects were the changes in domestic politics and the China inroads in the Western Hemisphere. There was no U.S. negligence towards the region, but the challenges imposed by China were growing, and the United States maintained its capacity to impose costs and incentives to the Latin American governments. Moreover, security cooperation was a source of U.S. influence. The thesis has five chapters. The first one presents the conceptual discussion, the second one briefly presents the historical Western Hemisphere International Relations main themes, and the third one addresses U.S. Foreign Policy for South America in the post 9/11 period. The fourth and fifth chapters analyze the bilateral Brazil-USA and Argentina-USA relations. To conduct empirical research, I used open-source documents from the three countries governments, speeches made by authorities and interviews. I have also taken into account data basis on security assistance and arms transfer from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and the Center for International Policy. I also used telegrams produced by the US embassies in Argentina and Brazil and publicized by the Wikileaks.
The thesis’ main subject is the relationship between the United States and Latin America, at the beginning of the 21st century, focusing on the Brazilian and Argentinean cases and security issues. Intense asymmetry of power is the main feature of the Inter-American relations and, therefore, they denote relations between great powers and peripheral countries. Nevertheless, they are also specific, and it is essential to analyze the historical developments to understand the Western Hemisphere international dynamics. The inter-American relations are marked by clientelism – meaning asymmetrical military cooperation - and economic dependency – meaning that the national economies’ dynamics are influenced by external factors. However, this reality was disputed by Latin American governments in different historical conjunctures. Guided by these assumptions, the main question is: why there was, in the Brazilian and Argentina cases, an autonomy project resumption at the beginning of the 21st century and how was it expressed on security issues? As a hypothesis, I argue that the sources of the autonomy projects were the changes in domestic politics and the China inroads in the Western Hemisphere. There was no U.S. negligence towards the region, but the challenges imposed by China were growing, and the United States maintained its capacity to impose costs and incentives to the Latin American governments. Moreover, security cooperation was a source of U.S. influence. The thesis has five chapters. The first one presents the conceptual discussion, the second one briefly presents the historical Western Hemisphere International Relations main themes, and the third one addresses U.S. Foreign Policy for South America in the post 9/11 period. The fourth and fifth chapters analyze the bilateral Brazil-USA and Argentina-USA relations. To conduct empirical research, I used open-source documents from the three countries governments, speeches made by authorities and interviews. I have also taken into account data basis on security assistance and arms transfer from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and the Center for International Policy. I also used telegrams produced by the US embassies in Argentina and Brazil and publicized by the Wikileaks.
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América Latina - relações militares - Estados Unidos, Política externa, Segurança internacional, Latin America – military to military relations – United States, Foreign policy, International security